V. Pareto, Les systèmes socialistes. Paris, 1902.

[E. Burns], A Handbook of Marxism. New York, 1935. This is one of the most useful of the various collections of bits of the writings of the great Marxists. It includes some of the most important work of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto. Edited by D. Ryazanoff. London, 1930. The rich notes in this full-sized volume expand the brief original Manifesto into a critical commentary on Marxism.

Of Marx the following is a suggested beginning, neglecting entirely the ponderous Capital: The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Revolution and Counter-Revolution, or Germany in 1848, Civil War in France (sometimes called the Paris Commune) and The Poverty of Philosophy.

Of Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, Landmarks of Scientific Socialism (Anti-Dühring).

Of Lenin: Imperialism, The State and Revolution. (Both of these are in a handy single volume issued by the Vanguard Press, New York, 1926.)

IV. The Sociology of Revolutions

The following section contains a selected list of modern books on revolutions in general. Such writing is necessarily very varied indeed. Some of the books listed below are careful studies by trained sociologists; some are the work of cranks with a variety of cutting tools to grind; some, directly in the Marxist tradition, seem to belong here rather than in the preceding section because of their direct preoccupation with the sociology of revolutions. We have been obliged to be fairly narrow in our interpretation of the subject. In a sense almost everything that appears nowadays on social and political problems might be catalogued as dealing at some point with the sociology of revolutions. To take a wide and somewhat random choice of well-known figures, most of the important work of men like Spengler, H. G. Wells, Ortega y Gasset, and A. J. Toynbee touches upon the question of revolutions and social change. But a bibliography as inclusive as this would be pointless or endless. We have, therefore, simply made a choice of general books on the specific subject of the comparative study of revolution.

Brooks Adams, The Theory of Social Revolutions. New York, 1913. One of the earliest predictions of the decline of the West. Should be read with Mr. George Soule’s book below.

Arthur Bauer, Essai sur les révolutions. Paris, 1908. Approaches the problem from the psychology of the individual and his activity in crowds. Has an interesting conceptual scheme of revolutions as a general phenomenon.

C. Delisle Burns, The Principles of Revolution. London, 1920. From the point of view of modern anti-intellectualism, an unrealistic study of “rationalizations.”