CHAPTER IX.

EXPERIMENTAL DYEING AND COMPARATIVE DYE TESTING.

Every dyer ought to be able to make experiments in the mordanting and dyeing of textile fibres for the purpose of ascertaining the best methods of applying mordants or dye-stuffs, the best methods of obtaining any desired shade, and for the purpose of making comparative tests of dyes or mordanting materials with the object of determining their strength and value. This is not by any means difficult, nor does it involve the use of any expensive apparatus, so that a dyer need not hesitate to set up a small dyeing laboratory for fear of the expense which it might entail.

In order to carry out the work indicated above there will be required several pieces of apparatus. First, a small chemical balance, one that will carry 100 grams in each pan is quite large enough; and such a one, quite accurate enough for this work, can be bought for 25s. to 30s., while if the dyer be too poor even for this, a cheap pair of apothecaries' scales might be used. It is advisable to procure a set of gram weights, and to get accustomed to them, which is not a very difficult task.

In using the balance always put the substance to be weighed on the left-hand pan, and the weights on the right-hand pan. Never put chemicals of any kind direct on the pan, but weigh them in a watch glass, small porcelain basin, or glass beaker, which has first been weighed, according to the nature of the material which is being weighed. The sets of weights are always fitted into a block or box, and every time they are used they should be put back into their proper place.

The experimenter will find it convenient to provide himself with a few small porcelain basins, glass beakers, cubic centimetre measures, two or three 200 c.c. flasks with a mark on the neck, a few pipettes of various sizes, 10 c.c., 20 c.c., 25 c.c.

The most important feature is the dyeing apparatus. Where only a single dye test is to be made, a small copper or enamelled iron saucepan, such as can be bought at any ironmonger's, may be used; this may conveniently be heated by a gas boiling burner, such as can also be bought at an ironmonger's or plumber's for 2s.

It is, however, advisable to have means whereby several dyeing experiments can be made at one time and under precisely the same conditions, and this cannot be done by using the simple means noted above.

To be able to make perfectly comparative dyeing experiments it is best to use porcelain dye-pots—these may be bought from most dealers in chemical apparatus—and to heat them in a water-bath arrangement.

The simplest arrangement is sketched in Fig. 44; it consists of a copper bath measuring 15 inches long by 10-1/2 inches broad and 6-1/2 inches deep—this is covered by a lid in which are six apertures to take the porcelain dye-baths. The bath is heated by two round gas boiling burners of the type already referred to.

The copper bath is filled with water, which, on being heated to the boil by the gas burners, heats up the dye liquids in the dye-pots. The temperature in the dye-pots under such conditions can never reach the boiling point; where it is desirable, as in some cases of wool mordanting and dyeing, that it should boil, there should be added to the water in the copper bath a quantity of calcium chloride, which forms a solution that has a much higher boiling point than that of water, and so the dye liquors in the dye-pots may be heated up to the boil.

An objection might be raised that with such an apparatus the temperature in every part of the bath may not be uniform, and so the temperature of the dye-liquors in the pots may vary also, and differences of temperature often have a considerable influence on the shade of the colour which is being dyed. This is a minor objection, which is more academic in its origin than of practical importance. To obviate this Mr. William Marshall of the Rochdale Technical School has devised a circular form of dye-bath, in which the temperature in every part can be kept quite uniform.

The dyeing laboratories of technical schools and colleges are generally provided with a more elaborate set of dyeing appliances. These, in the latest constructed, consist of a copper bath supported on a hollow pair of trunnions, that the bath can be turned over if needed. Into the bath are firmly fixed three earthenware or porcelain dye-pots; steam for heating can be sent through the trunnions. After the dyeing tests have been made the apparatus can be turned over, and the contents of the dye-pots emptied into a sink which is provided for the purpose.

Many other pieces of apparatus have been devised and made for the purpose of carrying on dyeing experiments on the small scale, but it will not be needful to describe these in detail. After all no more efficient apparatus can be desired than that described above.

Dyeing experiments can be made with either yarns or pieces of cloth—swatches, as they are commonly called—a very convenient size is a small skein of yarn or a piece of cloth having a weight of 5 grams. These test skeins or pieces ought to be well washed in hot water before use, so that they are clean and free from any size or grease. A little soda or soap will facilitate the cleansing process.

In carrying out a dyeing test the dye-pot should be filled with the water required, using as little as can be consistent with the dye swatch being handled comfortably therein, then there is added the required mordants, chemicals, dyes, etc., according to the character of the work which is being done.

Of such chemicals as soda, caustic soda, sodium sulphate (Glauber's salt), tartar, bichromate of potash, it will be found convenient to prepare stock solutions of known strength, say 50 grams per litre, and then by means of a pipette any required quantity can be conveniently added. The same plan might be followed in the case of dyes which are constantly in use, in this case, 5 grams per litre will be found strong enough.

Supposing it is desired to make a test of a sample of direct red, using the following proportions: 2 per cent. dye-stuff, 3 per cent. soda, 15 per cent. Glauber's salt, and the weight of the swatch which is being used is 5 grams. The following calculations are to be made to give the quantities of the ingredients required.

For the dye-stuff:—

5 (weight of swatch) multiplied by 2 (per cent. of dye) and divided by 100 equals—

5 x 2 — = 0.1 gram dye 100

For the soda we have similarly:—

5 x 3 — = 0.15 gram soda. 100

For the Glauber's salt:—

5 x 15 — = 0.75 gram Glauber's salt. 100

These quantities may be weighed out and added to the dye-bath, or if solutions are kept, a calculation can be made as to the number of cubic centimetres which contain the above quantities, and these measured out and added to the dye-bath.

When all is ready, the bath is heated up, the swatch entered, and the work of the test entered upon.

Students are recommended to make experiments on such points as:—

The shades obtained by using various proportions of dye-stuffs.

The influence of various assistants—common salt, soda, Glauber's salt, borax, phosphate of soda—in the bath.

The influence of varying proportions of mordants on the shade of dyeing.

The value of various assistants, tartar, oxalic acid, lactic acid, sulphuric acid, on the fixation of mordants.

The relative value of different tannin matters, etc.

Each dyer should make himself a pattern-book into which he should enter his tests, with full particulars as to how they have been produced at the side.

It is important that a dyer should be able to make comparative dye tests to ascertain the relative strength of any two, or more samples of dyes which may be sent to him. This is not difficult, but requires considerable care in carrying out the various operations involved.

Of each of the samples of dyes 0.5 gram should be weighed out and dissolved in 100 c.c. of water, care being taken that every portion of the dye is dissolved before any of the solution is used in making up the dye-vats. Care should also be taken that the skeins of yarn or swatches of cloth are exactly equal in weight; that the same volume of water is placed in each of the dye-pots; that the same amount of sulphate of soda or other dye assistants are added; that the quantities of dye-stuff and solutions used are equal; in fact, that in all respects the conditions of dyeing are exactly the same, such, in fact, being the vital conditions in making comparative dye tests of the actual dyeing strength of several samples of dyes.

After the swatches have been dyed they are rinsed and then dried, when the depth of shade dyed on them may be compared one with another. To prevent any mistakes, it is well to mark the swatches with one, two, three or more cuts as may be required.

It is easier to ascertain if two dyes are different in strength of colour than to ascertain the relative difference between them. There are two plans available for this purpose—one is a dyeing test, the other is a colorimetric test made with the solutions of the dyes.

=Dyeing Test.=—This method of ascertaining the relative value of two dyes as regards strength of colour is carried out as follows: A preliminary test will show which is stronger than the other. Then there is prepared a series of dye-vats—one contains a swatch with the deepest of the two dyes, which is taken as the standard; the others, swatches with the other dye, but containing 2, 5 and 10 per cent. more dye-stuff, and all these swatches are dyed together, and after drying a comparison can be made between them and the standard swatch and a judgment formed as to the relative strength of the two dyes. A little experience will soon enable the dyer to form a correct judgment of the difference in strength between two samples of dye-stuff.

=Colorimetric Test.=—This is based on the principle that the colour of a solution of dye-stuff will be proportionate to its strength. Two white glass tubes equal in diameter are taken. Solutions of the dye-stuff, 0.5 gram in 100 c.c. of water, are prepared, care being taken that the solution is complete. Of one of these solutions 5 c.c. is taken and placed in one of the glass tubes, and 5 c.c. of the other solution is placed in the other glass tube. Of water 25 c.c. is now added to each tube, and then the colour of the diluted liquids is compared by looking through them in a good light. That sample which gives the deeper solution is the stronger in colouring power. By diluting the stronger solution with water until it is of the same depth of colour as the weaker, it may be assumed that the depth of the columns of liquid in the two tubes is in proportion to the relative strength of the two samples. Thus, if in one tube there are 30 c. of liquid and in the other 25 c., then the relative strength is as 30 to 25; and if the first is taken as the standard at 100, a proportion sum gives

30 : 25 : : 100 : 83.3,

that is, the weaker sample has only 83.3 per cent, of the strength of the stronger sample.

INDEX.

COMPILED BY MISS GRACE GREENWOOD, B.A. (LOND.)

A.

Acetate liquor, 190, 193. — of alumina, 170. — of chrome, 180. — of lead, 159.

Acetic acid, 174, 180, 184, 227, 231.

Acid dyes;, 83, 159. — dye-stuffs, topping with, 228. — green, 84, 221, 229, 234. — magenta, 84. 220. — violet, 229. — —6 B, 211, 218. — yellow, 220.

Acids, action of, on cellulose, 9. Acridine orange NO, 231, 232.

Affinity of dye-stuff for fibre, 109.

Albumens, 4.

Algarobilla, 147, 148.

Alizarine, 18, 150, 157, 169, 180, 259. — blue, 173, 174. — —paste, 174. — dyed goods, test of, 258. — dyes, 84. — oil, 170. — orange, 173. 174. — pink, 172. — purple, 172. — red, 171, 248. — violet, 172. — yellow N, 180.

Alkali blue B, 233. — —3 B, 233. — —6 B, 217, 232, 233, 238. — yellow R, 209.

Alkalies, action of, on cotton, 6.

Alkaline blue, 211, 214, 215, 216. — copper solution, 196.

Alpha-naphthol, 130, 132, 133, 186, 187, 188.

Alpha-naphthylamine, 182, 185, 187, 188. — claret, 197.

Alum, 159, 164, 165. 166, 167.

Alumina, 157. — acetate, 179. — mordants, 259.

Amidazol blacks, 79, 121, 179. — black G, 124, 126. — brown, 121. — cachou, 127. — cutch, 126. — drab, 127. — green B, 127. — — Y, 127. — olive, 121.

Amidoazobenzene, 185, 187, 188.

Amido-azo bodies, 183. — compounds, 182.

Amidoazotoluol, 198. — garnet, 198.

Amido bases, diazotisation of, 182. — groups, 130.

Amido-diphenylamine, 183.

Amido-phenylamine, 133.

Amines, 181.

Ammonia, 174, 180. — soda, 173.

Ammoniacal copper, 21.

Ammonium chloride, 180, 207.

Amyloid, 12.

Aniline, 13, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188. — black, 79, 205, 234. — grey B, 229, 231, 333. — hydrochloride, 181. — oil, 206, 207. — salt, 207.

Anisidine, 183.

Anthracene brown, 174.

Anthrapurpurine, 171.

Antimony fluoride, 147.

— oxalate, 147.

Appretur der Gewebe, 252.

Archil substitute N, 229.

Artificial silk, 15.

Atlas red R, 102.

Auramine, 18, 147, 153.

— G. 154.

— I I, 151, 152, 153, 230, 231, 232.

Auroline, 209.

Automatic yarn-dryer, 253.

Azine green, T O, 231.

Azo-acid dyes, 210.

— yellow, 211.

Azo blue, 85, 211.

— — 2 R, 228.

— compounds, 182.

— dyes, 18, 129, 159, 181.

— mauve. 100, 210.

— — A M, 99, 106.

— orseille B B, 229.

— red A, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 223, 229.

— rubine A, 229.

— scarlet, 84.

— violet, 100.

Azophor orange M N, 195.

— red P N, 139, 141, 193,195.

B.

Barlow kiers, 30, 32.

Barwood, 18, 156, 178.

Basic dyes, 83.

— — topping with, 145.

— dye-stuffs, topping with, 228.

Bast fibre, 2.

Bayer developer, 133.

Beaumont's cop-dyeing machine, 67.

Beige, 167.

Benzo azurine, 101, 107, 112.

— — G, 93, 101, 146, 201.

— — 3 G, 211.

— — R, 210.

— black blue, 164.

— blue, 227.

— — 3 B, 94.

— — black G, 210.

— — R W, 115.

— brown, 92.

— — G, 100, 103.

— — N B, 100, 103.

— — N B X, 101.

— chrome black blue B, 96, 118.

— — brown G, 118.

— — — 5 G, 113.

— — — R, 118.

— — — 2 R, 117.

— dyes, 18, 85, 208, 225.

— fast grey, 102.

— — scarlet 4 B S, 107.

— green, B B, 93.

— — G, 92, 145.

Benzo-nitrol black B, 142.

— brown G, 144.

— dark brown N, 144.

— developer, 141.

— dyes, 139.

Benzo olive, 92.

— orange R, 87, 92.

— purpurine, 85, 101, 107.

— — B, 100, 210.

— — 4 B, 87, 89, 210, 217.

— — 6 B, 146.

— — 10 B, 210, 217.

Beta-naphthol, 130, 131, 132, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 196, 235.

Beta-naphthylamine, 182, 185, 187, 188.

— red, 196.

Bichromate of potash, 164, 165, 166, 167, 177, 179, 181.

— of soda, 206.

Biebrich orange, 128.

— scarlet, 128.

Birch's sewing machine, 25.

— washing machine, 36.

Bismarck brown, 146, 147, 153, 165, 166, 167, 229, 230, 232.

— — F F, 231.

Bisulphate of soda, 221, 222, 223.

Black, 104, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 137, 138, 139, 142, 144, 166, 214, 215, 217.

— and blue shot, 222, 223.

— and crimson shot dyes, 237.

— and green blue shot, 222.

— and pink shot, 223.

— and yellow shot, 223.

— blue, 116.

— brown, 102, 103, 118, 136, 138.

— dyeing of, 234.

— iron liquor, 165.

Bleaching of cotton, 24. — of fine fabrics, 42. — of yarn, 43.

Blue, 96, 97, 98, 115, 125, 126, 130, 136, 145, 146, 155. — and gold shot dyes, 237. — and gold yellow shot, 222. — and orange shot, 224. — black, 136, 137, 138, 139, 154, 216, 219. — developer A, 130. — — AN, 134. — green, 114. — grey, 105.

Bluestone, 164, 165, 166, 178.

Bluish claret red, 187. — rose, 153.

Borax, 86, 180, 221.

Brazil wood, 84, 156, 178, 179.

Bridson's washing machine, 36.

Bright blue, 95, 97, 98, 145, 151, 215, 217, 230. — crimson, 232. — grass green, 93. — green, 146, 151. — grey, 106. — navy, 115, 116. — olive yellow, 232. — orange, 92. — pea green, 94. — pink, 90. — red, 87, 145. — —lilac, 99. — rose, 230. — scarlet, 89, 130, 186. — sea green, 151. — straw, 90. — violet, 231. — walnut, 143. — yellow, 90, 143, 154, 213, 214, 215, 229.

Brilliant azurine B, 146. — —5 G, 97, 211. — cochineal 4 R, 222. — Congo R, 210. — croceine, 229. — — 3 B, 237. — green, 145, 146, 147, 151, 154, 229, 231, 232, 233. — milling green B, 211. — orange, 92. — — G, 103, 218, 232. — orseille C, 229. — purpurine, 87. — — R, 210. — red, 88. — rhoduline red B, 151. — scarlet, 211, 229. — — G, 211 — violet, 231. — yellow, 230.

Bronze green, 114, 217. — grey, 106.

Brown, 101, 103, 117, 120, 127, 128, 130, 144, 164, 174, 180, 218, 232. — and blue shot dyes, 222, 238. — and violet shot, 223. — drab, 100.

Brownish orange, 186.

Buff brown, 102, 118, 126, 135. — yellow, 91.

C.

Cachou de laval, 100, 121.

Camwood, 156, 178.

Capri blue, 230. — green, 229. — — 2 G, 231.

Carbonate of soda, 168, 209, — of soda lye, 168.

Carbonising of woollen goods, 12.

Catechu, 187. — brown, 112. — — F K, 117. — — G K, 117.

Caustic soda, 180. — — liquor, 189. — — lye, 196.

Cellulose, 5, 6. — di-nitrate, 14, 15. — hexa-nitrate, 14. — penta-nitrate, 14. — tetra-nitrate, 14.

Ceruleine, 180.

Chalk, 180, 181.

Chardonnet's process for making silk, 15.

Chemical reagents, action of, 257.

Chemicing of cotton, 36.

Chemistry of cotton fibre, 1.

Chestnut, 100, 104, 118, 142, 219.

Chicago blue, 112, 227. — — B, 115, 210. — — 4 B, 116, 210. — — 6 B, 95, 97, 114, 116, 146, 210, 217, 232, 233. — — R, 210.

Chicago blue G, 210.

— — 4 R, 99, 100.

— — R W, 114, 115, 119.

— dyes, 85.

Chloramine yellow, 209.

Chloride of copper, 180.

— of lime, 37.

— of soda, 207.

Chlorophenine orange R, 91.

Chocolate brown, 102, 143, 155, 172.

Chromanil black R F, 120.

— — 4 R F, 119.

— brown 2 G, 119.

Chrome, 157.

Chrome-logwood black, 177.

Chrome mordants, 259.

Chromic acid, 17.

Chromine G, 209.

Chromium chloride, 173.

— fluoride, 112.

— mordant, 173.

Chrysamine, 85, 92, 101, 210.

— G, 91, 93, 113, 114, 146.

— R, 92.

Chrysoidine, 147, 151, 164, 221, 232, 233.

— R, 232.

Chrysophenine, 90, 100, 210, 217, 233.

— G, 114, 119, 232.

Ciliary fibres, 1.

Claret, 89, 146.

— red, 174.

Clayton yellow, 210.

Cloth-dyeing machine, 76.

Cloth scarlet, 160.

—washing machine, illustration of, 245, 246, 247.

Cochineal, 156, 259.

Coffee brown, 165.

Collodion, 15.

Colorimetric test for relative value of dyes, 268.

Colouring matter, 3.

— principle of dye-stuff, 156.

Colour lake, 18.

— lakes, 156.

Columbia black B, 210, 232.

— — F B, 103, 104, 210, 218.

— — F B B, 105.

— — R, 232, 233.

— blue G, 224.

— green, 101, 146.

Columbia orange R, 91, 103, 104.

— red S, 211.

— yellow, 91, 115, 209.

Comparative dye testing, 262.

Condensed water, 227.

Congo blue 2 B, 95.

— brown, 210.

— — G, 210, 217, 218.

— Corinth, 232.

— — B, 99, 209, 211.

— — G. 89, 211, 217, 224.

— dyes, 18, 85, 208, 225.

— orange G, 210.

— — R, 92, 210.

— R, 210.

— red, 85, 107, 128.

— rubine, 89.

Continuous dyeing machine, 79.

Cop dyeing, 64.

Cop-dyeing machine, Beaumont's, 67.

— — Graemiger, 65, 66.

— — Mommer's, 69.

— — Young & Crippin, 68.

Copper acetate, 177.

— logwood black, 177.

— nitrate, 177.

— soda solution, 180.

— sulphate, 112, 164, 166, 177, 181.

Copperas, 147, 164, 165, 166, 167, 172, 175, 178, 181, 200.

Cornflower blue, 218, 233.

Corron's hank-dyeing machine, 63.

Cotton bleaching, 23.

— brown A, 231.

— — 91, 100, 101, 103, 106, 132, 137, 138, 144, 228.

— dyeing, 18.

— fibre, 2.

— — illustration of, 5.

— — impurities of, 3.

— — structure of, 4.

— — structure and chemistry of, 1.

— fibres, composition of, 5.

— — production of colour direct on, 181.

— scouring, 23.

Cotton-silk fabrics, dyeing of, 225.

Cotton wax, 3.

— yellow, 100, 210.

Coupling process, 139.

Cream, 91.

Cresyl blue, 229. — fast violet 2 RN, 232. — violet, 229.

Crimson, 130, 135, 151, 155, 217, 219, 230. — red, 88, 130.

Croceine AZ, 223. — orange, 128, 211. — scarlet, 128, 160.

Cross-dye black, 79, 107, 121. — — B, 123. — — 2B, 120. — drab, 93, 121, 126.

Cross dyeing, 220.

Curcumeine, extra, 211, 218, 224.

Curcumine, 209, 217. — S, 103, 104, 223.

Curcuphenine, 90.

Cutch, 147, 156, 164, 165, 166, 167, 178, 181, 186.

Cuticle fibres, 1.

Cyanole extra, 221, 222, 223, 229, 231, 232, 233, 237.

D.

Damages in bleached goods, 50.

Dark blue, 95, 96, 97, 98, 115, 116, 136, 139, 142, 153, 154, 155, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219. — — and green shot dyes, 237. — — and olive shot dyes, 238. — bronze, 115. — brown, 180, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 230, 231. — — and blue shot, 222. — — olive, 165, 166. — chestnut, 104. — — brown, 101, 103, 117, 119. — cream, 231. — crimson, 136, 231. — drab, 102, 126, 233. — green, 93, 94, 113, 115, 127, 142, 144, 146, 151, 153, 214, 217, 219, 230. — grey, 119, 120, 154, 215, 218, 232. — lilac, 146. — maroon, 89, 135. — navy, 95, 97, 98, 115, 126, 137. — olive, 92, 127, 164. — — brown, 118. — orange, 91. — plum, 87, 99, 116, 138, 166. — red, 88, 113. — Russian green, 232. — sage, 127, 216. — scarlet, 153, 155. — sea green, 94, 214, 232. — slate, 106, 214. — stone, 214. — turquoise blue, 116. — violet, 156. — walnut, 216. — — brown, 103. — yellow, 90.

"Dead" cotton fibres, 4.

Deep black, 104. — blue, 97, 126. — brown, 104, 118, 231. — chestnut brown, 102, 136. — crimson, 89, 232. — green, 94. — leaf green, 233. — olive brown, 180. — orange, 92, 135, 214, 230. — — yellow, 230. — pink, 88. — rose, 230, 233.

Delahunty's dyeing machine, 57, 58.

Delta purpurine, 107. — — 5 B, 210.

Developing, 131. —machine for paranitroaniline red, 194.

Diamine azo blue, 2 B, 233. — — — R, 145. — — — 2 R, 237, 238. — — — RR, 136, 137. — black B, 227, 232. — — B H. 104, 106, 118, 136, 137, 138, 210, 215, 216, 237. — — B O, 92, 100, 139, 210. — — H W, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 102, 103, 104, 130, 132, 209, 214, 215, 228, 230, 231, 233. — — R O, 87, 92, 93, 95, 100, 101, 104, 106, 138, 139, 146, 210, 228. — blue, 112. 132. — — 2 B, 210. — — 3 B, 92, 98, 210, 227. — — B B, 227. — — B G, 96, 210, 228. — — B X, 102, 209, 210, 228. — — C B, 228. — — G, 209.

Diamine blue 3 R, 95, 100, 115, 116, 117, 119, 210, 228. — — R W, 95, 98, 113, 114, 117, 120, 209, 210, 228, 230. — — black E, 97, 210, 228. — — — R, 102. — Bordeaux, 87. — — B, 89, 210, 215, 216, 228. — — S, 210, 228, 231, 233. — brilliant blue G, 96, 99, 115, 145, 210, 215, 216, 223, 227. — bronze G, 91, 93, 100, 106, 114, 115, 118, 139, 144, 210, 214, 228, 231, 232, 233. — brown, 112, 132. — — B, 209, 228. — — G, 104, 119, 209, 210. — — 3 G, 209, 228, 230. — — M, 90, 95, 102, 104, 118, 119, 138, 216, 217, 228, 231, 232. — — N, 209, 217, 231, 233. — — S, 210. — — V, 92, 98, 138, 143, 144, 210, 228, 233. — — Y, 92. — catechine B, 101, 102, 103, 114, 117, 210, 216. — — G, 89, 94, 101, 102, 103, 113, 117, 209, 210. — colours, 227. — cutch, 130, 132, 136, 137, 138. — dark blue B, 114, 116, 118, 120, 209, 210, 216, 217, 228, 231, 233. — — green N, 93. — deep black Cr, 96. — — — RB, 104. — dyes, 18, 85, 208, 225. — fast red, F, 87, 89, 90, 113, 118, 209, 228, 230. — — yellow A, 90, 92, 114, 115, 116, 136, 137, 143, 144, 210, 213, 223, 227, 232, 233, 235, 237, 238. — — — B, 89, 91, 92, 94, 97, 98, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 138, 209, 214, 215, 216, 223, 228, 231, 232. — gold, 100, 210, 213, 228, 230, 231, 232. — green B, 93, 97, 115, 146, 209, 214, 228, 230, 235. — — G, 94, 209, 210, 228. — grey G, 106, 143, 228, 232. — jet black, 139. — — — Cr, 105, 118, 120, 121. — — — O O, 144. — — — R B, 105, 120. — new blue R, 98, 116, 120, 210. — nitrazol black B, 143, 144. — — brown B, 143, 210. — — — G, 143, 210. — — dye, 139. — orange, 132. — — B, 89, 92, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 209, 215, 216, 217, 228, 230. — — D, 210. — — D C, 223, 227, 231, 233, 237, 238. — — F, 209. — — G, 91, 102, 210, 214, 215, 221, 222, 231. — — G D, 104. — — G G, 227, 233. — red, 107. — — B, 210. — — 4 B, 209. — — 5 B, 88, 89, 103, 209, 215, 228. — — 6 B, 209. — — 10 B, 88, 89, 146, 209, 230. — — N, 87. — — N O, 210. — rose, 223. — — B D, 88, 209, 215, 228, 230, 233. — — G D, 99. — scarlet, 107. — — B, 91, 106, 210, 215, 228. — — 3 B, 88, 210, 228. — — H S, 230. — — S, 228. — sky blue, 94, 97, 98, 145, 210, 215, 222, 237, 238. — — — F F, 94, 96, 98, 114, 115, 210, 222, 223, 227, 232. — steel blue L, 96, 210, 214, 222, 228. — violet N, 87, 99, 100, 145, 146, 210, 223, 228, 231, 238. — yellow, 92. — yellow N, 90, 92, 93, 100, 113, 228, 230.

Diamineral blue R, 95, 116, 227, 238.

Diaminogene, 234, 235. — B, 138, 228, 234, 235. — blue B B, 136, 138. — extra, 143, 228, 234, 235.

Dianil black C R, 97, 119, 142. — — N, 118, 120, 121. — blue B, 94, 97, 98, 116, 142. — — G, 98, 113. — — 2 K, 94. — — 4 R, 99, 116. — brown B D, 119, 142. — — G 0, 142. — — 3 G O, 103, 118, 119, 142, 143. — — R, 102, 103, 118, 119, 142. — — T, 102. — claret B, 89, 99, 145. — — G, 89. — dark blue R, 94, 95, 97, 116, 142, 143. — — — 3 R, 97, 142. — — brown, 103. — olive, 93. — orange G, 89, 92. — — 2 R, 92. — red 4 B, 89, 145. — scarlet G, 145. — yellow, 94. — — G, 91, 98. — — 3 G, 91, 94, 113. — — R, 94, 113. — — 2 R, 91.

Dianisidine blue, 197.

Diazo-benzene chloride, 181.

Diazo black. 132, 139. — blue, 132. — brown, 130, 139. — compounds, 181. — liquor, 190.

Diazotisation, 129. — of amido bases, 182.

Diazotised paranitroaniline, 140.

Dictionary of Coal-tar Colours, 259.

Dinitroso-resorcine, 179.

Diphenyl brown B N, 103.

Direct deep black E extra, 104.

Direct dyeing, 85. — dyes, 83. — — fastness of, 106. — fast brown B, 144. — indigo blue, 98. — orange R, 210. — red, test of, 265. — triamine black G X, 104. — yellow G, 90, 106, 210.

Divi-divi, 147, 148, 239.

Drab, 93, 165, 216, 218, 219, 231.

Drying cylinders, 255. — of dyed goods, 249.

Dull lilac, 99. — violet, 100.

Dye-beck, 77.

Dye-house washing machine, 244, 246.

Dyeing apparatus, 263. — of basic dyes, 149. — machinery, 53, 57. — on metallic mordants, 156. — test for relative value of dyes, 267.

Dye-jigger, 72, 73.

Dyers' bleach, 24.

Dye-tank, illustration of, 54.

Dye-tub, illustration of, 54.

Dye-vat, section of, 56.

E.

Eboli blue B, 231. — green T, 230.

Emerald tint, 154.

Eosine, 84, 229.

Eosines, dyeing with, 158, 159.

Erie blue B X, 97. — — 2 G, 210.

Erika B, 87. — B N, 99, 100, 210, 224.

Erythrosine, 229. — B, 238.

Erythrosines, 160.

Experimental dye-bath, 263. — dyeing, 262.

F.

Farmer's washing machine, 36.

Fast acid green, 229. — — — B N, 222. — blue developer A D, 133. — brown, 164. — neutral violet B, 154, — yellow S, 223, 237, 238.

Fastness of colours, 260. — of colours to light and air, 260 — of colours to rubbing, 261. — of colours to washing, 261. — of direct dyes, 106.

Fatty acids, 3.

Fawn, 165. — brown, 167. — drab, 100, 216.

Fiery yellowish red, 186.

First green liquor, 168.

Fixation, 149. — with couplers, 139. — — developers, 128. — — metallic salts, 112.

Flavo-purpurine, 171.

Formyl blue B, 211. — violet, 84, 229, 233. — — 6 B, 211. — — 10 B, 211. — — S 4 B, 211, 214, 215, 216, 222, 231, 237, 238.

Full blue, 43, 97. — yellow orange, 186.

Furnival's Square beater, 30.

Fustic, 156, 157, 166, 178, 259. — extract, 164, 165, 166, 167, 175, 176, 181.

G.

Gallipoli oil, 168.

Galls, 147, 148.

Gambier, 147.

Glauber's salt, 83, 108, 111, 209, 214, 215, 221, 222, 223, 225, 231, 234, 237.

Glycerine, 180.

Gold and green shot dyes, 221. — brown, 100, 101, 102, 103, 138, 142, 143, 153, 216, 230. — — and blue shot, 222. — drab, 232. — orange, 214. — yellow, 91, 113, 130, 142, 230.

Good yellow, 213.

Graemiger cop-dyeing machine, 65, 66.

Grass green, 93.

Green, 92, 93, 94, 114, 130, 143, 145, 151, 180, 215. — and buff shot, 223. — and claret shot, 222. — and pink shot dyes, 238. — and orange shot, 224. — and red shot, 223, 224. — blue, 98. — grey, 106, 120. — olive, 92. — yellow, 91.

Greening operation, 168.

Grey, 106, 120, 153, 219. — and orange shot, 223. — blue, 96. — lilac, 99, 153. — slate, 166. — sour operation, 32.

Grothe, 252.

Ground fustic, 166.

Guinea green B, 211, 218, 224. — violet B, 224. — — 4 B, 211, 218.

Gum tragacanth, 192.

Gun cotton, 13.

H.

Half-silk fabrics, dyeing of, 225.

Hand dyeing, 53.

Hank bleaching, 45.

Hank-dyeing machine. Corron's, 63. — — Klauder-Weldon's, 61, 62.

Hank-wringing machines, 241.

Havanna brown, 166.

Hawking machine, Holliday's, 78.

Hawthorne's washing machine, 36.

Heliotrope, 99, 233. — B B, 90, 146. — 2 B, 99, 233.

Hessian brown 2 M, 98. — — 2 B N, 100, 231. — grey S, 231. — purple N, 230. — violet, 211.

Hoffman violet, 152.

Holliday, 182.

Holliday's hawking machine, 78. — yarn-dyeing machine, 60.

Hurst's Silk Dyeing, 225.

Hydrocellulose, 12.

Hydrochloric acid, 177, 183, 184, 190. — — action of, 11.

Hydro-extractors, 251, 252.

Hydrosulphite indigo vat, 204.

I.

Immedial black, 107, 121. — blacks, 79. — blue, 121. — — C, 125.

Immedial bronze A, 128. — — B, 128. — brown, 121.

Impregnation with dye-stuff solution, 198.

Indamine blue N, 154.

Indazine, 229.

Indian yellow G, 211, 213, 214, 216, 217, 222, 229, 231. — — R, 211, 213, 214, 229, 231, 232.

Indigo, 18, 20, 198. — blue, 152, 154. — — N, 229, 233. — — S G N, 229. — carmine, 165. — dyed goods, test of, 258. — dyeing, 199. — dye-vat for cloth, 199. — extract, 84, 167. — white, 200.

Indigotin, 198.

Indophenol, 205.

Induline, 229.

Irisamine G, 152, 153.

Iron, 157. — liquor, 172, 175, 176, 180. — mordants, 259. — stains, 50. — sulphate, 112.

J.

Janus black I, 219. — — II, 219. — blue G, 155. — — R, 155, 219. — brown B, 156, 219. — — R, 219, 220. — claret red B, 156, 219. — dark blue B, 219. — dyes, 155, 218. — green B, 155, 219, 220. — grey B, 156. — — BB, 219, 220. — red B, 155, 219. — yellow G, 219. — — R, 155, 156, 219, 220.

Jet black, 121.

Jigger, 72.

Jig-wince, 74, 75.

K.

Katigen black, 121. — brown, 107, 121. — dark brown, 128. — green, 121. — olive G, 127.

Khaki, 180. — shades, 248.

Kiers, 30.

Klauder-Weldon hank-dyeing machine, 61, 62.

L.

Lanacyl blue B B, 211. — violet B, 211, 217.

Leaf green, 94, 113, 114, 231.

Lehner's process for making silk, 15.

Lemon yellow, 91.

Leuco, 198.

Light blue, 115, 138. — brown, 101, 103, 117. — chestnut brown, 137. — green, 114, 143. — grey, 106. — indigo blue, 96. — plum, 99. — sage brown, 118. — seal brown, 102. — slate, 106.

Lilac, 98, 99. — red, 87. — rose, 233.

Lima wood, 178, 179.

Lime, 169, 202. — and copperas vat for indigo dyeing, 200. — boil for cotton, 28. — sour operation, 32.

Logwood, 18, 84, 156, 157, 165, 167, 234, 259. — black, 79, 174. — — dyeing on yarn in hanks, 175. — decoction, 177. — dyed goods, test of, 258. — extract, 164, 175, 176, 181. — greys, 178.

Loose wool and cotton, washing of, 244.

Lye boil operation. 34.

M.

Machinery for dyeing, 53, 57.

Madder, 157. — bleach, 24.

Magenta, 18, 147, 153, 229, 231, 232, 233.

Malachite green, 146, 152, 153, 229, 232.

Mandarine G, 211, 217, 218, 224.

Market bleach, 24, 38, 39.

Maroon, 89, 138, 153, 215, 233.

Mather & Platt's apparatus, 207. — — bleaching kier, 30, 31. — — machine, 246. — — washing machine, 36. — — yarn-bleaching kier, 49.

Mercerisation of cotton, 8.

Mercerised cotton fibres, illustrations of, 7, 9.

Mercer, John, 8, 21.

Metallic mordants, 156.

Metanitroaniline, 185, 186, 187, 188. — orange, 195.

Metaphenylene blue, 229. — — B, 154, 233.

Methylene blue, 17. — — B B, 153. — — 2 B, 153. — — N, 232. — grey B F, 153.

Methylindone B, 229, 231. — R, 229.

Methyl violet, 18, 229. — — B, 146, 151, 231. — — 2 B, 146. — — R, 146. — — 3R, 146. — — 4R, 152.

Mikado brown, 227. — — 2 B, 238. — — 3 G O, 230. — — M, 103, 230, 232. — dyes, 18. — golden yellow 8 G, 230, 231. — orange, 227. — — G, 91. — — 4 R, 91, 102. — — R O, 232. — — 3 R O, 231. — — 4 R O, 218, 224. — — 5 R O, 230, 238. — yellow, 227. — — G, 230.

Milk of lime, 28, 175.

Milling orange, 229. — yellow, 229.

Mimosa, 209.

Mixed cotton and wool fabrics, dyeing of, 208.

Mommer's cop-dyeing machine, 69.

Mordant dyes, 84.

Mordants, 156. — detection of, 259.

Moss brown, 143, 232.

Muslin bleaching, 41.

Myrabolam, 147, 148, 239. — extract, 175, 176.

N.

Naphthol, 184.

— -azo-benzene, 181. — black, 128. — — B, 223. — — 3 B, 222. — blue black, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 222, 234. — — G, 211, 222. — — R, 211. — colours, 182. — D, 192. — X, 192. — yellow S, 229, 238, 278.

Naphthylamine, 13, 132, 133, 184. — black, 235. — — 4 B, 211. — — 6 B, 211, 217. — — D, 211. — ether, 130.

Naphtindone B B, 153.

Navy, 97, 98, 154. — blue, 96, 214, 216, 217.

Neutral grey, 132. — — G, 99, 106. — violet, 229.

New blue D, 229. — methylene blue, 234, 235. — — — G G, 238. — — — M, 232. — — — N, 126, 145, 154, 229, 231, 233. — — — N X, 154. — — — R, 153, 154, 233. — — — 3 R, 145, 153. — — grey B, 153. — — — G, 154. — phosphine G. 153, 154, 229, 232. — Victoria blue B, 146, 151, 152.

Nigraniline, 206.

Nigrosine, 229.

Nitrate of copper, 177. — of iron, 166, 175.

Nitrazol C, 139, 141, 193.

Nitric acid, action of, on cotton, 12.

Nitrite of soda, 183.

Nitro-aniline, 183.

Nitro-benzene, 13.

Nitro-naphthalene, 13.

Nitro-para-toluidine, 185, 187, 188.

Nitrosamine, 193. — red, 195.

Nitroso-resorcine, 18.

Nitrous acid, 184.

Nut brown, 103, 118, 119, 218, 219.

O.

Oak bark, 147.

Obermaier machine, 57, 59.

Oil stains, 50.

Old gold, 90, 232.

Olive, 92, 93, 127, 143, 164. — and blue shot dyes, 238. — brown, 143, 154. — green, 114, 142, 144, 153. — oil, 170. — yellow, 91.

Orange, 84, 91, 113, 130, 137, 151, 153, 154, 155, 215, 217. — and blue shot, 224, 238. — and violet shot, 223, 238. — brown, 102. — E N Z, 211, 214, 217, 222. — extra, 211, 223, 232. — G G, 221, 222, 231, 232, 233, 238. — T A, 218. — yellow, 143, 186.

Orthoamidoazotoluol, 186, 187, 188.

Orthonitrotoluidine, 196.

Oxidising agents, action of, on cotton, 16.

Oxycellulose, 16.

Oxydiamine black A, 97, 105, 209. — — B M, 209, 215, 216, 217. — — D, 209, 228, 233, 234. — — M, 209. — — N, 91, 97. — — N R, 105. — — S O O O, 210, 228, 231, 233. — orange G, 104, 209. — — R, 92, 104, 143, 144, 209. — red S, 209. — violet B, 99, 100, 210, 214, 228, 230, 231, 233. — — G, 99, 100. — yellow G G, 94, 146, 209.

Oxydianil yellow, 143.

Oxymuriate of tin, 166.

Oxyphenine, 91, 102, 209.

P.

Padding machine, 80, 81, 193, 221.

Pale blue, 95, 97. — brown, 102, 119, 122, 128, 164, 180. — chamois, 166. — chestnut, 143. — drab, 233. — fawn brown, 119, 130. — — red, 89. — gold yellow, 213. — green, 94, 151. — greenish grey, 120. — leaf green, 113. — lilac, 99. — nut brown, 102. — olive brown, 100. — — green, 113. — orange, 91, 92, 135. — sage, 144. — — green, 217. — salmon, 87. — sea green, 127, 232. — sky blue, 95. — walnut brown, 104.

Palm oil soap, 169.

Paramine blue B, 96. — — black S, 96. — brown C, 117. — — G, 101. — indigo blue, 96. — navy blue R, 96.

Paranitroaniline, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190. — brown, 196. — red, 186, 188, 189. — — dyed cotton, 196. — — dye-tub, 191. — — on piece goods, 192. — — on yarn, 189. — — with azophor red P N, 195. — — with nitrazol C, 195.

Paratoluidine, 186, 187, 188.

Parchment paper, 11.

Paris violet, 152.

Patent blue, 84.

Peach wood, 178.

Peacock green, 214, 216.

Pea green, 114, 233.

Pectic acid, 3.

Permanganate of potash, 17.

Persian berries, 156, 178, 179.

Phenetidine, 183.

Phenol, 130, 132, 133, 181.

Phenylene diamine, 130, 132, 134, 235, 237.

Phosphate of soda, 86, 90, 91, 168, 170, 180, 225.

Piece-dyeing machines, 71.

Piece goods, drying of, 256. — — washing of, 244. — — wringing of, 241.

Pink, 87, 88, 89, 152, 215.

Plate singeing, 27.

Plum, 99, 145, 146, 215.

Pluto black B, 108, 144.

Ponceau B, 164. — 3 R B, 211, 217.

Potash, 86.

Primrose, 91, 154.

Primuline, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 142, 143, 144, 209.

Production of colour direct on cotton fibres, 181.

Prussiate black, 207.

Pure blue, 238. — soluble blue, 237.

Purple brown, 100.

Purpuramine, D H, 107.

Pyrolignite of iron, 172.

Pyroxyline, 13.

Q.

Quercitron, 156, 178, 179. — bark, 178. — extract, 164, 165.

Quicklime, 200.

R.

Rayer & Lincoln machine, 26.

Read Holliday's squeezing machine, 241.

Red, 136, 187. — brown, 100, 135. — chocolate, 119. — developer C, 192. — drab, 165. — lilac, 100. — liquor, 165, 166, 169, 170, 176, — orange, 91. — plum, 117, 214. — violet, 99, 116, 152, 155, 156.

Reddish brown, 102. — puce, 187.

Reseda, 93. — green, 167.

Resin boil, 35. — soap liquor, 35.

Resorcine, 130, 132, 133, 235. — green, 156.

Rhodamine, 229, 231. — B, 153, 233. — G, 152. — 6 G, 152. — S, 237.

Rhoduline violet, 151.

Rocceleine, 211.

Roller squeezing machines for yarn, 241.

Rose azurine B, 87. — G, 87, 90. — bengale, 229. — lilac, 145, 151. — pink, 87. — red, 88, 89.

Rosophenine, 5 B, 88.

Russia green, 92, 113, 143, 153.

S.

Safranine, 18, 146, 153, 221, 229, 231, 233. — G, 146. — prima, 153. — S, 155.

Sage, 214. — brown, 104, 119, 135, 144, 218. — green, 93, 180, 230.

St. Dennis black, 121.

Saline salts, quantity used, 108.

Salmon, 89.

Salt, 165.

Satin fabrics, dyeing of, 225.

Scarlet, 88, 89, 135, 145, 146, 152, 153, 155, 215, 217, 230. — R, 220.

Schaeffer's acid, 134.

Scouring cotton, 23.

Sea green, 94, 151.

Seal brown, 146.

Seed hairs, 1.

Shot effects, 220. — on satin, dyeing of, 235. — with black cotton warp, 236.

Silver grey, 106.

Singeing of cotton, 27. — wash of cotton, 28.

Sky blue, 95, 98, 151, 215.

Slate, 106, 218, 231, 233. — blue, 97, 120, 152, 216. — green, 218.

Sliver dyeing, 58.

Slubbing dyeing, 58.

Soap, 165. — effect on dye-stuffs, 226.

Soaping of dyed goods, 247.

Soda, 86, 132, 178. — ash, 34, 166. — crystals, 169. — lye, 202, 235. — zinc vat for indigo dyeing, 204.

Sodium acetate, 196. — bichromate, 164. — nitrite solution, 196, 198. — stannate, preparing with, 158.

Solid blue, 229. — green, 229. — O, 179, 180.

Solidogen A, 145.

Soluble blue, 150, 160, 229.

Spencer's hank-wringing machine, 241.

Squeezing rollers, 240.

Stains in bleached goods, 50.

Steam aniline black, 207. — — blacks, 248.

Steaming and ageing chamber, 250. — cottage, illustration of, 249. — of dyed goods, 248.

Stearic acid, 3.

Stitching of cotton, 25.

Stone, 218.

Structure of cotton fibre, 1.

Sulfaniline black, 121. — — G, 124. — brown, 121. — — 4 B, 127.

Sulphate of copper, 177. — of iron, 167.

Sulphonates, 182.

Sulphon azurine B, 210, 217, 218. — D, 93.

Sulphur colours, 121.

Sulphuric acid, 166. — action of, on cotton, 10.

Sulphyl colours, 121.

Sumac, 83, 147, 148, 165, 166, 167, 172, 173, 178, 239. — extract, 169, 175, 219, 220.

Sun yellow, 90.

T.

Tannic acid, 18, 20, 83, 147, 172. — mordant, dyeing on, 147.

Tannin, 173, 174, 236. — grounding, 173. — heliotrope, 145, 153, 229. — orange R, 154, 155, 229.

Tanning, 148.

Tartar emetic, 147, 192, 219, 220.

Tartaric acid, 180.

Temperature of dye-baths, 226.

Terra-cotta brown, 143. — red, 90, 143.

Testing of the colour of dyed fabrics, 257.

Thiazole yellow, 93, 94, 209.

Thiocarmine R, 84, 211, 214.

Thioflavine S, 94, 104, 106, 209, 213, 215, 222, 223, 228, 229. — T, 153, 154, 229, 231, 232.

Tin crystals, 147, 169, 179. — oxide, fixing, 158.

Titan blue, 210, 211. — — 3 B, 93, 102, 164. — — R, 102. — brown O, 210. — — P, 164. — — R, 102, 210. — — Y, 161, 210. — colours, 227. — como G, 95. — — S N, 98. — dyes, 18, 85. — gold, 101, 102. — ingrain blue, 135, 136, 142. — marine blue, 211. — navy R, 98. — orange, 88. — — N, 95. — pink, 210. — red, 107. — scarlet C, 88. — — D, 88. — — S, 209. — yellow, 210. — — G, 145. — — G G, 90.

Titan yellow Y, 90, 92, 93, 164.

Toluidine, 185, 187, 188. — orange, 196.

Toluylene brown, 139. — diamine, 134. — orange, 139. — —G, 90, 91, 100. — —K, 100.

Topping, 140. — with acid and basic dye-stuffs, 228. — with basic dyes, 145.

Triamine black, 132. — — B, 96, 137. — — B T, 98.

Tropaeoline O, 229. — O O, 211, 229.

Truck yarn-dyer, 254, 255.

Turkey red, 87, 167, 181. — — bleach, 38, 39. — — oil, 88, 90, 95, 96, 160, 170, 171, 172, 173, 180, 189, 192, 196.

Turmeric, 165, 166, 167.

Turquoise blue, 98, 116, 151, 155, 232. — — G, 146, 151, 152.

U.

Union black B, 209, 214. — — S, 209, 214, 215, 216, 217, 228, 234. — blue B B, 209.

V.

Valonia, 147.

Verdigris, 177.

Victoria blue, 150. — — B, 151, 152.

Vidal black, 107, 121, 123. — blacks, 79.

Violet, 99, 100, 146, 154, 230. — and yellow shot dyes, 238. — blue, 97.

W.

Walnut brown, 102, 119, 138, 142, 219, 233.

Warp bleaching, 43.

Warp-dyeing machines, 69, 70, 71.

Washing after dyeing, 239.

Washing and soaping vats, illustration of, 248. — of cotton in bleaching, 36. — operations after dyeing, 242.

Water blue, 229. — of condition, 6. — volume used in dyeing, 107.

White indigo, 198. — liquor treatment, 168. — sour operation, 38.

Whizzing, 45.

Willesden waterproof cloths, 22.

Wince dye beck, 74.

Witz, George, 17.

Wool black 6 B, 211, 217, 218, 223, 224. — green, 84.

Worral's singeing machine, 27.

Wringing of dyed goods, 239.

Y.

Yarn bleaching, 43. — -washing machine, illustration of, 243.

Yarns in cop form, washing of, 244. — in hanks, washing of, 244. — in hanks, wringing of, 240.

Yellow, 90, 91, 113, 151. — and violet shot dyes, 237. — olive, 91.

Yellowish claret red, 187.

Young & Crippin's cop-dyeing machine, 68.

Z.

Zambesi black, 132. — — B, 210, 218. — — B R, 97. — — D, 103, 104, 218. — — F, 115, 119, 210. — blue, 130, — — B X, 136. — — R X, 217, 218. — brown, 130. — — G, 210. — — 2 G, 136, 210. — dyes, 85, 208.

Zinc and lime vat for indigo dyeing, 201. — bisulphite indigo vat, 203. — chloride, 20. — sulphate, 112.

THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS LIMITED.

SEPTEMBER, 1901.

This Catalogue cancels all former editions.

The Publishers seek to issue thoroughly helpful works. These books in every instance will, they believe, be found of good value. Employers will do well to place copies of these books in the hands of the bright and promising young men in their employ, in order the better to equip them to become increasingly useful as employees. A workman who uses his brains must be preferable to one who does not think about his work. Brains require stimulus. These books provide that stimulus.

A Catalogue

OF

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FOR

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COLLEGES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS

BY EXPERT WRITERS

FOR THE

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PUBLISHED BY

=SCOTT, GREENWOOD & CO.,=

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=19 LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.C.

Tel. Address: "PRINTERIES, LONDON". Tel. No. 5403, Bank.=

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=Messrs. Scott, Greenwood &. Co. are open to make offers for the publication of technical works.=

Books on Oils, Soaps, Colours, Chemicals, Glue, Varnishes, etc.

THE PRACTICAL COMPOUNDING OF OILS, TALLOW AND GREASE FOR LUBRICATION, ETC.

By AN EXPERT OIL REFINER. 100 pp. 1898. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 8s.; Other Countries, 8s. 6d.; strictly net.

=Contents.=

Chapters I., Introductory Remarks on the General Nomenclature of Oils, Tallow and Greases suitable for Lubrication.—II., Hydrocarbon Oils.—III., Animal and Fish Oils.—IV., Compound Oils.—V., Vegetable Oils.—VI., Lamp Oils.—VII., Engine Tallow, Solidified Oils and Petroleum Jelly.—VIII., Machinery Greases: Loco and Anti-friction.—IX., Clarifying and Utilisation of Waste Fats, Oils, Tank Bottoms, Drainings of Barrels and Drums, Pickings Up, Dregs, etc.—X., The Fixing and Cleaning of Oil Tanks, etc.—Appendix and General Information.

=Press Opinions.=

"This work is written from the standpoint of the oil trade, but its perusal will be found very useful by users of machinery and all who have to do with lubricants in any way."—Colliery Guardian.

"The properties of the different grades of mineral oil and of the animal and vegetable non-drying oils are carefully described, and the author justly insists that the peculiarities of the machinery on which the lubricants are to be employed must be considered almost before everything else.... The chapters on grease and solidified oils, etc., are excellent."—The Ironmonger.

SOAPS. A Practical Manual of the Manufacture of Domestic, Toilet and other Soaps. By GEORGE H. HURST, F.C.S. Illustrated with Sixty-six Engravings. 390 pp. 1898. Price 12s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 13s. 6d.; Other Countries, 15s.; strictly net.

=Contents.=

Chapters I., Introductory.—II., Soap-maker's Alkalies.—III., Soap Fats and Oils.—IV., Perfumes.—V., Water as a Soap Material.—VI., Soap Machinery.—VII., Technology of Soap-making.—VIII., Glycerine in Soap Lyes.—IX., Laying out a Soap Factory.—X., Soap Analysis.—Appendices.

=Press Opinions.=

"We think it is the most practical book on these subjects that has come to us from England so far."—American Soap Journal.

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"Works that deal with manufacturing processes, and applied chemistry in particular, are always welcome. Especially is this the case when the material presented is so up-to-date as we find it here."—Bradford Observer.

"The best and most reliable methods of analysis are fully discussed, and form a valuable source of reference to any works' chemist.... Our verdict is a capitally produced book, and one that is badly needed."—Birmingham Post.

ANIMAL FATS AND OILS: Their Practical Production, Purification and Uses for a great Variety of Purposes. Their Properties, Falsification and Examination. A Handbook for Manufacturers of Oil and Fat Products, Soap and Candle Makers, Agriculturists, Tanners, Margarine Manufacturers, etc., etc. By LOUIS EDGAR ANDES. Sixty-two Illustrations. 240 pp. 1898. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 11s.; Other Countries, 12s.; strictly net.

=Contents.=

Introduction. Occurrence, Origin, Properties and Chemical Constitution of Animal Fats Preparation of Animal Fats and Oils. Machinery. Tallow-melting Plant. Extraction Plant. Presses. Filtering Apparatus. Butter: Raw Material and Preparation, Properties, Adulterations. Beef Lard or Remelted Butter, Testing. Candle-fish Oil. Mutton-Tallow. Hare Fat. Goose Fat. Neatsfoot Oil. Bone Fat: Bone Boiling, Steaming Bones,. Extraction, Refining. Bone Oil. Artificial Butter: Oleomargarine, Margarine Manufacture in France, Grasso's Process, "Kaiser's Butter," Jahr & Muenzberg's Method, Filbert's Process, Winter's Method. Human Fat. Horse Fat. Beef Marrow. Turtle Oil. Hog's Lard: Raw Material, Preparation, Properties, Adulterations, Examination. Lard Oil. Fish Oils. Liver Oils. Artificial Train Oil. Wool Fat: Properties, Purified Wool Fat. Spermaceti: Examination of Fats and Oils in General.

=Press Opinions.=

"The descriptions of technical processes are clear, and the book is well illustrated and should prove useful."—Manchester Guardian.

"It is a valuable work, not only for the student, but also for the practical manufacturer of oil and fat products."—Journal of the American Chemical Society.

"The work is very fully illustrated, and the style throughout is in strong contrast to that employed in many such treatises, being simple and clear."—Shoe and Leather Record.

"An important handbook for the 'fat industry,' now a large one. The explanation of the most scientific processes of production lose nothing of their clearness in the translation."—Newcastle Chronicle.

"The latest and most improved forms of machinery are in all cases indicated, and the many advances which have been made during the past years in the methods of producing the more common animal fats—lard, tallow and butter—receive due attention."—Glasgow Herald.

=VEGETABLE FATS AND OILS:= Their Practical Preparation, Purification and Employment for Various Purposes, their Properties, Adulteration and Examination. A Handbook for Oil Manufacturers and Refiners, Candle, Soap and Lubricating Oil Makers, and the Oil and Fat Industry in General. Translated from the German of LOUIS EDGAR ANDES. 94 Illustrations. 320 pp. 1897. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 11s.; Other Countries, 12s.; strictly net.

=Contents.=

Statistical Data. General Properties of the Vegetable Fats and Oils. Estimation of the Amount of Oil in Seeds. Table of Vegetable Fats and Oils, with French and German Nomenclature, Source and Origin and Percentage of Fat in the Plants from which they are Derived. The Preparation of Vegetable Fats and Oils: Storing Oil Seeds: Cleaning the Seed. Apparatus for Grinding Oil Seeds and Fruits. Installation of Oil and Fat Works. Extraction Method of Obtaining Oils and Fats. Oil Extraction Installations, Press Moulds, Non-drying Vegetable Oils. Vegetable drying Oils. Solid Vegetable Fats. Fruits Yielding Oils and Fats. Wool-softening Oils. Soluble Oils. Treatment of the Oil after Leaving the Press. Improved Methods of Refining with Sulphuric Acid and Zinc Oxide or Lead Oxide. Refining with Caustic Alkalies, Ammonia, Carbonates of the Alkalies, Lime. Bleaching Fats and Oils. Practical Experiments on the Treatment of Oils with regard to Refining and Bleaching. Testing Oils and Fats.

=Press Opinions.=

"Concerning that and all else within the wide and comprehensive connection involved, this book must be invaluable to every one directly or indirectly interested in the matters it treats of."—Commerce.

"The proprietors of the Oil and Colourman's Journal have not only placed a valuable and highly interesting book of reference in the hands of the fats and oils industry in general, but have rendered no slight service to experimental and manufacturing chemists."—Manufacturing Chemist.

=IRON-CORROSION, ANTI-FOULING AND ANTI-CORROSIVE PAINTS.= By LOUIS EDGAR ANDES. 62 Illustrations. 275 pp. Translated from the German. Demy 8vo. 1900. Price 10s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 11s.; Other Countries, 12s.; strictly net.

=Contents.=

Ironrust and its Formation—Protection from Rusting by Paint—Grounding the Iron with Linseed Oil, etc.—Testing Paints—Use of Tar for Painting on Iron—Anti-corrosive Paints—Linseed Varnish—Chinese Wood Oil—Lead Pigments—Iron Pigments—Artificial Iron Oxides—Carbon—Preparation of Anti-corrosive Paints—Results of Examination of Several Anti-corrosive Paints—Paints for Ship's Bottoms—Anti-fouling Compositions—Various Anti-corrosive and Ship's Paints—Official Standard Specifications for Ironwork Paints—Index.

=Press Opinions.=

"This is a very valuable book, translated from the German, discussing in detail anti-fouling and anti-corrosive paints."—British Mercury.

"Will be of great service to paint manufacturers, engineering contractors, ironfounders, shipbuilders and others."—Engineer and Iron Trades Advertiser.

"The book before us deals with the subject in a manner at once practical and scientific, and is well worthy of the attention of all builders, architects and engineers."—The Builder.

"The book is very readable and full of valuable information, and bearing in mind the importance of the subject treated, it is one which engineers will be well advised to procure at an early date."—Railway Engineer.

"The author goes fully into his subject, and the translator has been successful in reproducing in another language what he has to say. There are given in the text numerous illustrations of the rusting of iron, prepared in the course of a series of personal experiments on the formation of rust."—Journal of Gas Lighting.

"This work is a very elaborate and useful record of the various phenomena in connection with the corrosion of iron and its protection against corrosion.... The book is an exceedingly useful record of what has been done in connection with iron preservation, and will undoubtedly prove to be of much value to railway engineers, shipowners, etc."—Fairplay.

"Herr Andes' book, written purely from a scientific standpoint, will be particularly useful to iron manufacturers, shipbuilders and shipowners.... The book is beautifully printed on good paper, and its appearance does credit to the publishers; the work of translation has been remarkably well done, the language bearing none of those irritating traces of Teutonism which disfigure so many English versions of German technical works."—The Ironmonger.

"This knowledge is conveyed with characteristic German thoroughness in this useful work of Herr Andes, which loses nothing of clearness in Mr. Salter's excellent translation. The causes of rust formation are examined, the proper methods of cleansing the ironwork detailed, and the constitution and application of suitable preventative coverings explained.... The book is a welcome contribution to technological literature, and will be found worthy of the careful study of all who are professionally engaged in the arrangement or superintendence of the class of work dealt with."—Western Daily Mercury.

"The author explains the nature of rust and its formation, and the text is illustrated from about fifty photographs. An immense amount of carefully arranged information follows as to the best methods of applying anti-corrosive substances and the various pigments most efficacious for use under all circumstances. The author has evidently thoroughly investigated and mastered the subject of iron corrosion, its cause and its prevention; and we regard his book as of the greatest importance to bridge-builders and makers and users of structural iron and steel. The book is illustrated throughout and is admirably indexed and arranged."—Iron and Steel Trades Journal.

=THE MANUFACTURE OF ALUM AND THE SULPHATES AND OTHER SALTS OF ALUMINA AND IRON.= Their Uses and Applications as Mordants in Dyeing and Calico Printing, and their other Applications in the Arts, Manufactures, Sanitary Engineering, Agriculture and Horticulture. Translated from the French of LUCIEN GESCHWIND. 195 Illustrations. Nearly 400 pp. Royal 8vo. 1901. Price 12s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 13s. 6d.; Other Countries, 15s.; strictly net.

=Contents.=

Part I., =Theoretical Study of Aluminium, Iron, and Compounds of these Metals.=—Chapters I., Aluminium and its Compounds.—II., Iron and Iron Compounds.