Book V is concerned with the education of Sophie, Émile’s future wife.

“... Plato, in his Republic, enjoins the same exercises on women as upon men, and in this I think he was right.... Since the body is born, so to speak, before the soul, the first culture ought to be that of the body; and this order is common to both sexes. But the object of this culture is different; in one this object is the development of strength, while in the other it is the development of personal charms. Not that these qualities ought to be exclusive in each sex, but the order is simply reversed: women need sufficient strength to do with grace whatever they have to do; and men need sufficient cleverness to do with facility whatever they have to do. The extreme lack of vigor in women gives rise to the same quality in men. Women ought not to be robust like them, but for them, in order that the men who shall be born of them may be robust also. In this respect the convents, where the boarders have coarse fare, but many frolics, races, and sports in the open air and in gardens, are to be preferred to the home where a girl, delicately reared, always flattered or scolded, always seated under the eyes of her mother in a very close room, dares neither to rise, to walk, to speak, nor to breathe, and has not a moment’s liberty for playing, jumping, running, shouting, and indulging in the petulance natural to her age; always dangerous relaxation or badly conceived severity, but never anything according to reason. This is the way the young are ruined both in body and in heart.... Delicacy is not languor, and one need not be sickly in order to please.”

While Locke and Rousseau were urging the necessity of some sort of physical training in the scheme of education, and philologists and students of ancient art kept alive the knowledge of Greek gymnastics, a number of medical writers had been directing attention to the importance of bodily exercise in the restoration and preservation of health. In London, in 1705, Francis Fuller (1670-1706), a graduate of St. John’s College, Cambridge, published “Medicina Gymnastica: or a Treatise Concerning the Power of Exercise with Respect to the Animal Œconomy, and the Great Necessity of it in the Cure of Several Distempers.” A German translation appeared in 1750, after the book had already passed through seven or eight editions in England. Friedrich Hoffmann (1660-1742), a distinguished German physician referred to several times by GutsMuths in his “Gymnastics for the Young,” and the first professor of medicine at Halle University, published in Latin an essay “On Motion, the Best Medicine for the Body” in 1701; and eighteen years later several of his articles on the hygienic influence of exercise appeared at Halle under the title “The Incomparable Advantages of motion and of Bodily Exercises, and How They are to be Employed for the Preservation of Health.” Joh. Friedrich Zückert (1737-1778), a Berlin physician quoted by Basedow, in discussing the hygiene of infancy and childhood (1764-1765), mentions various bodily exercises, such as wrestling, dancing, riding, vaulting, bowling, skating and swimming. Upon his appointment to the chair of medicine at Lausanne, in 1766, Simon André Tissot (1728-1797) delivered a Latin discourse on the health of the literary class (De valetudine litteratorum), in which he recommends games and gymnastics for the youth of both sexes. A French translation of the address was published in 1767, a German one in the following year, besides later editions in both languages, several in English, and at least one in Swedish, “Italian, and six other languages.” A well-known French physician, Clement Joseph Tissot (1750-1826), published in Paris in 1780 his “Medical and Surgical Gymnastics: an Essay on the Use of Motion and of Different Exercises of the Body in the Cure of Disease.” Translations of the work were printed in Leipsic and Stockholm.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

R. M. Quick, “Some Thoughts concerning Education, by John Locke. With Introduction and Notes.” Cambridge (England), at the University Press, 1880. Revised edition, 1884.

J. W. Adamson (Editor), “The Educational Writings of John Locke.” New York: Longmans, Green & Co.; London, Edward Arnold, 1912.

W. M. Payne, “Rousseau’s Émile: or, Treatise on Education. Abridged, Translated, and Annotated.” New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1892.

Thomas Davidson, “Rousseau and Education according to Nature.” New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898.

Gabriel Compayré, “Jean Jacques Rousseau and Education from Nature.” Translated by R. J. Jago. New York, Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1907.

R. L. Archer (Editor), “Rousseau on Education.” New York: Longmans, Green & Co.; London, Edward Arnold, 1912.

Karl Wassmannsdorff, “Aerztlicher Einfluss auf die sogenannte Erneuerung der Leibesübungen in Deutschland; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Turnkunst,” in Neue Jahrbücher für die Turnkunst =15= (1869): 111-133.

FOOTNOTES:

These quotations are taken from Rousseau’s Émile, abridged, translated, and annotated by William H. Payne. New York, 1892.

London: Printed by John Matthews, for Robert Knaplock, at the Angel and Crown in St. Paul’s Church Yard, 1705. A second edition, with additions, followed in the same year, a third (“printed for Robert Knaplock, at the Bishop’s-Head in St. Paul’s Church-Yard”) in 1707, a fourth in 1711, a fifth in 1718, a sixth in 1728, another in 1740, and the “ninth and last” in 1777.

Medicina gymnastica, oder von der Leibesübung, in Ansehung der animalischen Oeconomie, oder der zu Erhaltung der Gesundheit des menschlichen Lebens nöthigen Ordnung; und wie solche bey Curirung verschiedener Krankheiten unumgänglich nöthig sey, von Franz Fuller, aus der sechsten Englischen Herausgabe übersetzt. Lemgo, Johann Heinrich Meyer, 1750.

“De motu, optima corporis medicina.”

“Vorstellung des unvergleichlichen Nutzens der Bewegung und Leibes-Uebungen und wie man sich derselben zur Erhaltung der Gesundheit zu bedienen habe.”

“Unterricht für rechtschaffene Eltern, zur diätetischen Pflege ihrer Säuglinge” (Berlin, A. Mylius, 1764. Second edition, 1771); and “Von der diätetischen Erziehung der entwöhnten und erwachsenen Kinder bis in ihr mannbares Alter” (Berlin, A. Mylius, 1765. Second edition 1771).

“Avis aux gens de lettres et aux personnes sédentaires sur leur santé, trad. du latin” (Paris, Herissant Fils, 1767). It was later corrected by the author and published under the title “De la santé des gens de lettres” (Lausanne, F. Grasset & Cie.; Lyon, Benoit Duplain; and Paris, P. F. Didot le jeune, 1768). Other editions bearing the same title appeared at Lausanne in 1769, 1770, 1772, and 1788; at Lyon in 1769; and a “nouvelle édition, augmentée d’une notice sur l’auteur et de notes, par F.-G. Boisseau,” in Paris (J.-B. Baillière) in 1825 and 1826.

“S. A. D. Tissot, der Arzneygelahrtheit Doctor und öffentlicher Lehrer zu Lausanne, der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu London, der Medicinisch-Physischen Akademie in Basel, und der Oekonomischen Gesellschaft in Bern Mitglied, von der Gesundheit der Gelehrten. Aus dem Französischen übersetzt von Joh. Rud. Füesslin.” Zurich, Füesslin und Compagnie, 1768. Later editions are said to have appeared in Zurich in 1769 and 1775. The German translation was also published in Leipzig (J. G. Müller) in 1768 and 1775.

“An Essay on Diseases Incident to Literary and Sedentary Persons. With Proper Rules for Preventing Their Fatal Consequences, and Instructions for Their Cure. By S. A. Tissot, M.D., Professor of Physic at Berne.... The Second Edition, with very large Additions. With a Preface and Notes by J. Kirkpatrick, M.D. London: Printed for J. Nourse ... and E. and C. Dilly ... MDCCLXIX.” The English translation was also published in Dublin (“Printed for James Williams, at No. 5, Skinner Row. MDCCLXXII.”)

“Råd till de Lärde och till dem som föra ett stillasittande lefnadssätt. Af Tissot. Öfversättning i sammandrag. Pendant till Underrättelse om Gymnastik. Upsala, hos Palmblad och C. 1821.” The dedication “till studerande corpsen” is signed “Gustav von Heidenstam.”

“Gymnastique médicinale et chirurgicale, ou essai sur l’utilité du mouvement, ou des differens exercices du corps, et du repos dans la cure des maladies; par M. Tissot, Docteur en Médecine, & Chirurgien-Major du quatrième Regiment des Chevaux-Légers.” Paris: Bastien, Libraire, 1780.

“Medicinische und chirurgische Gymnastik, oder Versuch über den Nutzen der Bewegung oder der verschiedenen Leibesübungen, und der Ruhe bey Heilung der Krankheiten. Aus dem französischen des Herrn Tissot, mit Anmerkungen des Herausgebers bereichert. Mit Churfürstl. Sächs. Privilegio. Leipzig, bey Friedrich Gotthold Jacobäer und Sohn, 1782.”

“Medicinsk och Chirurgisk Gymnastik, eller Försök om nyttan af Rörelse och Stillhet vid Sjukdomars botande. Af Herr Tissot, M.D., Öfver Fältskär vid fjerde Regementet af Franska lätta Cavallerier. Stockholm, Tryckt hos Bokhandlaren Joh. Dahl. 1797.”