I. PRINCIPAL AND CO-ORDINATE CLAUSES.

(See § 24.)

§ 1. =Infinitives, Participles, and that form of the Infinitive preceded by +zu+ which is called Supine, stand at the end of the clause=; as—

+Er war ärmlich, aber doch sauber ~gekleidet~.+

He was poorly, but yet neatly dressed.

+Sein zürnender Oheim hatte ihn zu sich ~gerufen~.+

His angry uncle had bid him come to him.

+Seine Tante wird morgen zu uns ~kommen~.+

His aunt will come to us to-morrow.

+Sie hat uns ~versprochen~, morgen zu ~kommen~.+

She has promised us to come to-morrow.

§ 2. In a clause containing both an infinitive and a participle, =the infinitive stands last=; as—

+Der Diener würde es ~nicht gethan haben~, wenn er ihn nicht freundlich darum gebeten hätte.+

The servant would not have done it, if he had not kindly asked him to do it.

+Der Brief muß gut ~geschrieben werden~, denn er enthält wichtige Mitteilungen.+

The letter must be well written, for it contains important communications.

§ 3. In a clause containing =two infinitives, the one governing the other stands last=; as—

+Er mag mit einem solchen Menschen nichts ~zu thun haben~.+

He does not like to have anything to do with such a man.

§ 4. =Separable prefixes= of compound verbs =are placed at the end= of the clause when the verb is used in a simple tense; as—

+Der König ~ging~ jeden Morgen um elf Uhr ~aus~ und ~kam~ gegen zwölf Uhr ~zurück~.+

The king went out every morning at eleven o’clock and returned towards twelve o’clock.

§ 5. In a clause containing =two objects=, both =expressed by nouns=, that of the =person= stands =before= that of the =thing=; as—

+Am nächsten Abend gab er ~dem Manne~ das ~Geld~ zurück.+

The next evening he returned the money to the man.

§ 6. When both objects represent persons, the =accusative generally stands first=; as—

+Man hat ~den~ Verbrecher ~dem~ Richter überliefert.+

They have delivered the criminal to the judge.

§ 7. In clauses containing two objects, one being a personal pronoun and the other a noun, =the pronoun stands first=; as—

+Der fremde Herr gab ~mir einige Äpfel~ und Birnen.+

The stranger gave me some apples and pears.

§ 8. When =both objects are personal pronouns=, the =accusative= generally stands =first=; as—

+Sie hat ~es mir~ gesagt.+

She has said it to me.

+Man hat ~sie ihm~ genommen.+

They have taken her away from him.

§ 9. A. Adverbial expressions of =time= generally stand =before the object= (except it is a pronoun) and =always before= adverbial expressions of =manner= and =place=; as—

+Wir haben ~gestern drei~ Briefe erhalten.+

Yesterday we received three letters.

+Er ist ~heute plötzlich~ nach ~London~ abgereist.+

He has suddenly left for London to-day.

But we must say—

+Wir haben ~Sie heute~ mit Ungeduld erwartet.+ (+~Sie~+ pers. pron.)

We have been expecting you to-day with impatience.

B. Adverbial expressions of =manner= and =place= generally stand before the Infinitive or Participle when the verb is in a compound tense, but take the last place in the clause when the verb is in a simple tense; as—

+Die Schüler haben ihre Aufgaben ~sehr gut~ gemacht.+

The pupils have done their lessons very well.

+Sie machen ihre Aufgaben ~immer sehr gut~.+

They do their lessons always very well.

+Sind Sie ~gestern im Theater~ gewesen?+

Were you at the theatre yesterday?

+Ich gehe ~nie ins Theater~.+

I never go to the theatre.

=When the subject, which may be preceded by its attributes, occupies the first place in a principal clause, either the copula or the verb must follow immediately.=

§ 10. The negation +=nicht=+ stands =after= the =accusative=; as—

+Er schreibt den Brief ~nicht~, sondern sein Bruder.+

He is not writing the letter, but his brother is.

+Er hat den Brief ~nicht~ geschrieben.+

He has not written the letter.

§ 11. In questions +=nicht=+ sometimes stands =before= the =accusative=; as—

+Haben Sie ~nicht~ meinen Brief erhalten?+

Have you not received my letter?

§ 12. In general the negation +=nicht=+ stands before that part of the sentence which it affects; as—

+Ich bin ~nicht~ krank gewesen.+

I have not been ill.

+Wir sprechen ~nicht~ von ihm, sondern von seinem Vetter.+

We do not speak of him, but of his cousin.

+Die Natur hatte sie ~nicht~ mit Schönheit ausgestattet.+

Nature had not endowed her with beauty.