Part 24

If I relinquish this one of my old historic notions, I feel that I must do it for the reason that Lord Auckland agreed with Macaulay after reading the first volume of his history. "I had also hated Cromwell more than I now do," he said; "for I always agree with Tom Macaulay; and it saves trouble to agree with him at once, because he is sure to make you do so at last."

I asked Professor Edward Channing of Harvard College, who teaches English History of the Tudor and Stuart periods, his opinion of Gardiner. "I firmly believe," he told me, "that Mr. Gardiner is the greatest English historical writer who has appeared since Gibbon. He has the instinct of the truth-seeker as no other English student I know of has shown it since the end of the last century."

General J. D. Cox, a statesman and a lawyer, a student of history and of law, writes to me: "In reading Gardiner, I feel that I am sitting at the feet of an historical chief justice, a sort of John Marshall in his genius for putting the final results of learning in the garb of simple common sense."

INDEX

Adams, C. F., and E. G. Bourne, 200.

Adams, J. Q., as President, 207, 209.

Adams, John, as President, 207.

Adelaide, Australia, Froude's description, 42.

Alabama claims, arbitration, 218.

Alexander Severus, homage to history, 4.

Alison, Sir Archibald, present-day reputation, 40.

Allison, W. B., and Hayes's New York Custom-house appointments, 255; and Silver Bill of 1878, 260.

American historians, European recognition, 103.

American Historical Association, author's addresses before, 1 n., 25, 81; interest of E. G. Bourne, 196.

American history, qualities, 4, 20-23; newspapers as sources, 29-32, 85-95; and early English history, 170. See also Elections, History, Presidential, United States, and periods by name.

American Revolution, Gibbon on, 113.

Amyot, Jacques, on Alexander Severus, 4.

Ancient history, monopoly of German historians, 75. See also Ferrero, Gibbon, Herodotus, Tacitus, Thucydides.

Annexations, Philippines, 195, 233, 234, 286; constitutional control, Louisiana, 208, 211; and slavery, Texas and California, 212.

Arbitrary arrests during Civil War, 214, 215.

Arbitration, Alabama claims, 218; Cleveland and Venezuela, 225, 285; English draft general treaty, 226.

Army, Federal, and suppression of rioting, 225, 253; character of Cromwell's, 319, 320.

Arnold, Matthew, on Americans, 21; on Sainte-Beuve, 73; on criticism, 292.

Arthur, C. A., as President, 222; removal by Hayes, 255.

Auckland, Lord, on agreeing with Macaulay, 323.

Aulard, F. A., on Taine, 83.

Bagehot, Walter, on presidential office, 204, 217.

Baltimore, railroad riot of 1877, 252.

Balzac, Honore de, importance to historians, 50, 73.

Bancroft, George, use of footnotes, 33; remuneration, 78; T. W. Higginson on, over-fondness for manuscript sources, inaccuracy of quotations, 294.

Beauregard, P. G. T., and burning of Columbia, 304.

Bemis, George, and Lecky, 157.

Bigelow, John, as journalist, 90; on importance of Godkin to The Nation, 275.

Bismarck, Fuerst von, on power of press, 89.

Blaine, J. G., value of "Twenty Years," 33; on power of Congress over President, 216; on Hayes and Packard, 248.

Boer War, Godkin on, 290.

Boston, H. G. Wells's criticism considered, 138.

Boston Athenaeum, editions of Gibbon in, 138.

Bourne, E. G., and preparation of author's history, as critic, 85, 86, 197-199; essay on, 191-200; malady, 191, 192; physique, 191; death, 192; education, 192; works, 193-195; professorships, 193; on Marcus Whitman, 193; on Columbus, 194, 195; on Philippines and Monroe Doctrine, 195; unfinished biography of Motley, 196; critical notices, 196, 197; thoroughness, 196; interest in American Historical Association, 196; desultory reading, 199; and editorship of publications of Massachusetts Historical Society, 199.

Bowles, Samuel, as journalist, 90.

Brown, John, Pottawatomie Massacre and election of 1856, 88.

Browning, Oscar, on Carlyle, 41.

Brunetiere, Ferdinand, on French literary masters, 73.

Bryan, W. J., campaign of 1896, 228, 286.

Bryant, W. C., as journalist, 90; and Greeley, 269.

Bryce, James, importance of "Holy Roman Empire," 60, 61; on Federal Constitution, 203; on presidential office, 204, 205, 235, 240; on Godkin and The Nation, 276, 286, 295; on Herbert Spencer, 293.

Buchanan, James, as President, 213.

Buckle, H. T., enthusiasm, 38; influence on Lecky, 154.

Burt, S. W., appointment by Hayes, 255.

Bury, J. B., edition of Gibbon, 61; on Gibbon, 109, 110.

Butler, Joseph, influence on Lecky, 154.

Cabinet, Grant's, 186, 278; character of Jackson's, 210; Pierce and Buchanan controlled by, 213; Hayes's, 221, 246-248, 262.

Cabot, Charles, gift to Boston Athenaeum, 138.

Calhoun, J. C., and annexation of Texas, 211.

Carlyle, Thomas, as historian, 38, 41; and mathematics, 56, 57; importance in training of historians, "French Revolution" and "Frederick," 62-64; biography, 64; self-education, 65; lack of practical experience, 66; on historical method, 77; on Gibbon, 115; on Cromwell, inaccuracy of quotations, 144, 318, 321; on pecuniary rewards of literary men, 146; Gladstone on, 155.

Chamberlain, D. H., contested election, 248.

Chamberlain, Joseph, on newspapers and public opinion, 31; Godkin on, 290.

Chambliss, N. R., on burning of Columbia, 305, 309.

Channing, Edward, on Gardiner, 323.

Charleston, secession movement, 91; feeling of Union army towards, 306.

Charleston Courier, and secession movement, 92.

Charleston Mercury, and secession movement, 92.

Chatham, Earl of, on Thucydides, 15.

Choate, Rufus, and Whig nominations in 1852, 87.

Christianity, Gibbon on early church, 131-133.

Cicero, homage to history, 4; importance to historians, 51; Gibbon on, 120; contradictions, 290.

Civil service, J. D. Cox and reform, 186; spoils system, 209, 211; need of special training ignored, 210; reform under Hayes, 221, 254-257; Reform Bill, 222; Cleveland and reform, 223, 224; demand on President's time of appointments, number of presidential offices, 236; Godkin and reform, 280.

Civil War, newspapers as historical source on, 32, 92-94; value of Official Records, 92; attitude of Lecky, 157; presidential office during, arbitrary actions, 213-216; Godkin as correspondent during, 273; burning of Columbia, 301-313.

Cleveland, Grover, as President, 223-226; and civil service reform, 223; soundness on finances, 225; and railroad riots, 225; foreign policy, 225; and disorganization of Democracy, 226; and public opinion, 231; as a prime minister, 241, 263; and Hayes, attends funeral of Hayes, 263; attitude of Godkin, 285.

Columbia, S. C., burning of, 301-313; Sherman's and Hampton's accounts discredited, 301-308; feeling of Union army towards, 306-308; Sherman's orders on occupation, 307; verdict of mixed commission on, 308; mob responsibility, 308-313.

Columbia University, lecture by author at, 47.

Commonwealth of England. See Cromwell.

Comte, Auguste, influence, 73.

Conciseness in history, 11, 14, 16, 20, 36.

Congress, control of Senate over Pierce and Buchanan, 213; power during Johnson's administration, 216; overshadows President, power of Speaker of House, 227; McKinley's control over, 234; contact with President, 237; and Hayes, 249, 256, 257, 261.

Conkling, Roscoe, contest with Hayes over New York Custom-house, 255.

Constitution. See Federal Constitution.

Copyright, The Nation and international, 282.

Cornell, A. B., removal by Hayes, 255.

Corruption, Gibbon on, 127.

Cox, J. D., on Gardiner, 44, 323; essay on, 185-188; varied activities, 185; as general, 185; as governor, 185; and negro suffrage, 186; as cabinet officer, 186; and civil service reform, 186; in Congress, 186; and Spanish Mission, 186; private positions, 187; works, as military historian, 187; and Grant, 187; contributions to The Nation, 187; as reader, 187; character, 188; on Godkin, 295; on burning of Columbia, 303.

Crimean War, Godkin on, 273.

Cromer, Lord, on power of press, 89, 96.

Cromwell, Oliver, Carlyle's biography, 144, 150; Gardiner's influence on fame, 150; Gardiner's estimate, 317-323; character, 319; character of army, 319, 320; foreign policy, 321; lack of constructive statesmanship, 321; as typical Englishman, 322; and Revolution of 1688, 322, 323.

Curchod, Suzanne, and Gibbon, 136.

Curtis, G. W., on The Nation, 270.

Curtius, Ernst, as historian, 34, 43.

Dana, C. A., as journalist, historical value of articles, 31, 90.

Darwin, C. R., biography, 59; truthfulness, 145.

Dates in historical work, importance of newspapers, 87.

Democratic party, and Cleveland's administration, 223, 226.

Demosthenes, and Thucydides, 15.

Desultory reading in training of historian, 64, 65, 199.

Devens, Charles, in Hayes's cabinet, 247.

Deyverdun, Georges, collaboration with Gibbon, 124.

Dicey, A. V., as contributor to The Nation, 282, 294.

Dictionaries, importance of quotations in, 55.

Dingley Tariff Act, 229.

Duff, Sir M. E. Grant, on Herodotus, 5.

Eckermann, J. P., "Conversations with Goethe," 70-72.

Elections, 1852, Whig nominations, Scott's stumping tour, 86, 87; 1856, Kansas as issue, 88; 1876, controversy, and flexibility of Constitution, 203, 219, 245; 1896, bimetallism as issue, 228; attitude of Godkin, 286.

Elizabeth, Froude and Gardiner on, 149; and Anglo-Saxon development, 172.

Emerson, R. W., on originality, 28; on mathematics, 57; on philanthropists, 181; on The Nation, 270.

England, Macaulay's history, 37, 41, 62; Gardiner's history, 143-150; Lecky's history, 154, 155; Walpole's history, 161, 163, 164; conditions in 1815, 161; Green's history, 171, 172; Alabama claims arbitration, 217; Venezuela-Guiana boundary, 225, 285; draft general arbitration treaty, 226; attitude of Godkin, 272, 284, 290; Cromwell and the Commonwealth, 317-323.

Evarts, W. M., Secretary of State, ability, 246; social character, 262; pessimism, 288.

Evening Post, acquires The Nation, Godkin as editor, 274.

Evolution, and history, 4, 36.

Executive. See Civil service, Presidential office.

Federal Constitution, English model, 203; rigidity and flexibility, 203, 216; as political tradition, 208. See also Presidential office.

Ferrero, Guglielmo, as historian, 75; on Cicero's contradictions, 290.

Fessenden, W. P., and Whig nominations in 1852, 87.

Fillmore, Martin, as President, 212.

Finances, greenback craze, 219, 246, 281; silver agitation of 1878, 221, 259, 260; Silver Act of 1890, 224, 227; Cleveland's soundness, 225; attitude of Republican party on money, 227, 257; issue in campaign of 1896, 228, 286; gold standard, 231; depression (1877-1878), 251, 258; Hayes's administration, 257-260; Sherman's refunding, 257; resumption of specie payments, 258, 259; The Nation and sound, 280-282.

Fine arts, and training of historian, 59.

Firth, C. H., to continue Gardiner's history, 148.

Fish, Hamilton, and arbitration of Alabama claims, 218.

Fiske, John, anecdote of the Websters, 54; as popular scientist, 58; power of concentration, 69.

Footnotes, use in histories, 33.

Ford, P. L., on writing criticisms for The Nation, 292.

Foreign relations, under Washington, 206; under Tyler and Polk, 211; under Grant, 218; under Cleveland, 225, 285; under McKinley, 231-234. See also Monroe Doctrine.

Fourth estate, newspaper as, 96.

Franklin, battle of, J. D. Cox in, 185.

Frederick the Great, Carlyle's biography, 63.

Frederick III of Germany, "wise emperor," 127.

Freeman, E. A., on Gibbon, 109.

French, importance to historians, 49-51; Gibbon's knowledge, 119, 123.

French Revolution, Carlyle's history, 62; Gibbon and, 113.

Froude, J. A., on Ulysses, 2; inaccuracy, 41; biography of Carlyle, 64; on Elizabeth, 143, 149.

Gardiner, S. R., truthfulness, 7, 145; as historical model, 42, 45; lack of practical experience, 66, 148; method, 76; essay on, 143-150; death, 143; thoroughness of research, 143, 157; as linguist, 143; manuscript material, 143; on Carlyle's "Cromwell," 144; writings and editorial work, 144; birth, 145; conception of great work, 145; Irvingite, 146; struggles and success, 146, 147; as teacher, 147; honors, 147; day's routine, manner of composition, 147; style, 148; soundness and influence of historical estimates, 149-150; estimate of Cromwell, 150, 317-323; on J. R. Green, 172; on Hampden, 317; on character of Puritans, 318; on Cromwell's army, 320; on character of Rump, 320; rank as historian, 323.

Gardner, Percy, on Herodotus, 5, 40.

Garfield, J. A., desire for fame, 3; as President, 222; as speaker, 241.

Garrison, W. P., as literary editor of The Nation, 291-295.

Generalizations, need of care, 32, 178.

German, importance to historians, 52.

German historians, and ancient history, 75.

Gibbes, R. W., destruction of collections, 312.

Gibbon, Edward, rank and characteristics as historian, 5, 10, 109, 114; on Tacitus, 10, 116; style, 53, 133; and mathematics, 56; importance in training of historian, 60; autobiographies, 64, 134; essay on, 107-140; conception of history, 107; completion of it, 108; progress and success of work, 108; and classic masters, 110; range of work, 110; its endurance, 110; as possible writer of contemporary history, 111, 112; political career, 111; conservatism, 112; and American Revolution, 113; historical subjects considered by, 115; and earlier period of Roman Empire, 116; intellectual training, 117-123; love of reading, 118; at Oxford, 118; conversion and reconversion, 118, 121; at Lausanne, 119; self-training, 119, 122; linguistic knowledge, 119, 120, 122, 123; influence of Pascal, 119; and Voltaire, 121; on Robertson, 122; "Essay on Study of Literature," 123; service in militia, its influence, 123; manuscript history of Switzerland, 124; begins work on history, 124; fame rests on it, 125; Milman, Guizot, and Mommsen on it, 125; quotations from, 126-128; definitions of history, 126; on religion under Pagan empire, 126; on happiest period of mankind, 127; on corruption, 127; on sea-power, 127; subjection to criticism, 128; correctness, 128; truthfulness, 129, 130; use of conjecture, 129; precision and accuracy, 129; treatment of early Christian church, 131-133; on Julian the Apostate, 132; on Theodora, licentious passages, 133; composition of history, 134; love of books and wine, 135; gout, 135; and women, love affair, 136-138; history in quarto edition, 138; human importance of work, 139; satisfaction with career, 139.

Gladstone, W. E., on Lecky, Carlyle, and Macaulay, 155.

Gloucester, William Henry, Duke of, on Gibbon's history, 138.

Godkin, E. L., power as journalist, 95; essay on, 267-297; rank as journalist, 267; on Greeley, 267, 268; illustration of influence, 268; character, 269; indirect influence, character of clientele, 270, 271; authorship of articles in The Nation, 271; Essays, 272; early life, 272; early optimism and later pessimism concerning America, 272, 284-290, 296; as war correspondent, 272; in America, journey in South, 273; correspondent of London News, 273; foundation of The Nation, 273; editor of Evening Post, 274; retirement, 274; lectures, honors, 274; and offer of professorship, 274-276; nervous strain, 275; accused of censorious criticism, 276; of unfortunate influence on intellectual youth, 277; influence on author, 278-282, 292-294; influence in West, 279; disinterestedness, 280; and civil service reform, 280; and sound finances, 280-282; and tariff, 282; and foreign affairs, 282; other phases of influence, 282; never retracted personal charges, 282; implacability, ignores death of F. A. Walker, 282-284; and Cleveland, 285; and election of 1896, 286; and Spanish War and Philippines, 286; moral censor, 289; criticism of England, 290; disappointment in democracy, 291; literary criticism in The Nation, 291-295; on W. P. Garrison, 291; influence of foreign birth, 295; fame, 295; lectureship as memorial to, 296; farewell words, on general progress and political decline, 296, 297.

Goethe, J. W. von, on Moliere, 50; on linguistic ability, 52; "Faust" and study of human character, 68; "Conversations," 70, 72; wide outlook, 71.

Gold Standard Act, 231.

Gordon, C. G., newspapers and Soudan expedition, 89.

Gout, Gibbon on, 135.

Grant, U. S., first cabinet, 186, 278; and Cox, 187; as President, moral tone of administration, 217-219, 262; on criticism, 218, 239.

Greek, importance to historians, 51; Gibbon's knowledge, 120, 122, 123.

Greek history. See Herodotus, Thucydides.

Greeley, Horace, influence as journalist, historical value of articles, 31, 90, 267; partisanship, 91; character, 268-270.

Green, J. R., as historian, 42; address on, 171-173; popularity in America, 171; on Elizabeth, 172; accuracy, 172; character, 172; on Cromwell's army, 319.

Greenbacks. See Finances.

Grote, George, on Thucydides, 7; on references, 33; business training, 78.

Guizot, F. P. G., on Gibbon's history, 125.

Hadrian, "traveling emperor," 127.

Halleck, H. W., attitude towards Charleston, 306.

Hamilton, Alexander, on presidential office, 204, 233, 240; as adviser of Washington, 207.

Hampden, John, as possible Anglo-Saxon hero, 317; and Revolution of 1688, 323.

Hampton, Wade, and burning of Columbia, 302-305, 308.

Harrison, Benjamin, as President, 226; as speaker, 241.

Harrison, Frederic, on Gibbon, 10; on Spencer Walpole, 165.

Harrison, W. H., as President, 211.

Hart, A. B., on Herodotus, 6.

Harvard University, addresses of author at, 47, 101-103, 105, 243, 265; striving after exact knowledge, 101; honorary degree for Hayes, 251; offers professorship to Godkin, 274, 275; Godkin Lectureship, 296.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, conciseness, 36.

Hay, John, anecdote of Grant, 218; as Secretary of State, 234; on Hayes and finances, 260.

Hayes, Lucy W., as wife of President, 221, 262.

Hayes, R. B., election controversy, 203, 219, 245; administration, 219-222, 245-264; as a prime minister, 241, 263; righteousness of acceptance of election, 245; difficulty of situation, 245, 261; as governor, 246; letter of acceptance, 246; inaugural, 246; cabinet, 246-248, 262; withdrawal of troops from South, 248, 249; and Congress, 249, 256, 257, 261; civil service reforms, contest with Conkling, 250, 254-257; honorary degree from Harvard, 251; and railroad riots, 253, 254; and finances, independent thinking, 257-260; vetoes of repeal of Federal election laws, 260; extra sessions of Congress, 261; serenity, 261; popular support, 261; and election of 1880, 261; moral tone of administration, 262; and Cleveland, 263.

Herodotus, on purpose of history, 2; rank as historian, 5, 34, 40; as contemporary historian, 17.

Higginson, T. W., on Bancroft, 294.

Hildreth, Richard, historical value of newspaper articles, 31.

Hill, G. B., on Gibbon's history and autobiography, 125.

Historian, training, 49-79; necessary linguistic knowledge, 49-52; acquisition of style, 52-55; knowledge of mathematics, 55-57; of other sciences, 57-59; of fine arts, 59; general historical reading, 60-70; mastery of Gibbon and Bryce, 60; of Tacitus and Thucydides, 61; of other historians, 62-64; knowledge of lives of historians, 64; desultory reading, 64-65; study of human character, experimental and through books, 66-68; thorough reading of characteristic works, 68; speed and retention of reading, 69; importance of "Conversations of Goethe," 70-72; of Sainte-Beuve's criticisms, 72; choice of subject, 74; method, originality, 75; note-making, 76; Carlyle on method, 77; remuneration, 77; and teaching of history, 78; and business training, 78. See also next two titles.

Historians, Shakespeare and Homer as, 1, 2, 7; advantages and disadvantages of present-day, 4, 20; best, 5, 11; Herodotus, 5, 17, 34, 40; Thucydides, 6-8, 11-15, 17-19, 35, 61, 110, 111, 128; Tacitus, 8-10, 15, 17-20, 61, 110, 111, 116, 128; Gibbon, 10, 60, 107-140; conciseness, 11, 14, 16, 20, 36; source material, 12-16, 20, 22; contemporaneousness, 17-20; necessary qualities, 20; monographs, 22; patriotism, 22; necessity and kinds of originality, 27-29, 75; use of newspapers, 29-32, 83-97; generalizations, 32, 178; use of footnotes, 33; fresh combination of well-known facts, 34; present-day models, 34-43; reflection, 37; enthusiasm, 38; Macaulay, 36-38, 41, 62; Carlyle, 38, 41, 62; old and new schools, ethical judgments, human interest, 39, 43-45; Hume, Robertson, Alison, 40; Froude, 41; Green, 42, 171-173; Stubbs, 42, 157; Gardiner, 42, 143-150, 157, 323; and popularity, 44; growth of candor, 45; Bryce, 60, 61; use of manuscript material, 85, 294; gospel of exact knowledge, 101; Lecky, 153-158; Spencer Walpole, 161-167; E. L. Pierce, 177-181; J. D. Cox, 187; E. G. Bourne, 191-200; Bancroft, 294. See also titles above and below.

History, intellectual rank, 1; and poetry, 1, 2; and physical sciences, 2; definitions, 2, 6, 43, 126; homage of politicians, 3; and evolution, 4, 36; newspapers as source, 29-32, 83-97; value of manuscript sources, 85, 294. See also two titles above.

Hoar, E. R., in Grant's cabinet, 186, 278; and The Nation, 278.

Holm, Adolf, on Thucydides, 39; on scientific history, 43; as historian, 75.

Holst, H. E. von, use of newspapers, 29, 85; on westward expansion and slavery, 212.

Home rule, Lecky's attitude, 156.

Homer, as historian, 1, 2, 22; and study of human character, 67.

House of Representatives. See Congress.

Howard, O. O., at burning of Columbia, 302, 307, 311, 312.

Howells, W. D., pessimism, 288.

Hugo, Victor, influence, 73.

Hume, David, present-day reputation, 40, 111; on Gibbon's history of Switzerland, 124.

Huxley, T. H., as popular scientist, 58; biography, 59; on things useful, 102; on college training, 102.

Income tax decision, Lecky on, 157.

Ireland, Lecky's history, 155.

Jackson, Andrew, as President, 209-211; as leader of democracy, 209; and spoils system, 209; and training for administrative work, 210; and nullification, 210.

James, Henry, on Sainte-Beuve, 73.

James, T. L., as postmaster of New York, 254.

James, William, on Godkin, 270.

Jay Treaty, as precedent for treaty-making power, 206.

Jebb, Sir R. C., on Herodotus, 6, 17; on Tacitus, 10; on Thucydides, 17.

Jefferson, Thomas, as President, 207, 208; Louisiana Purchase, 208.

Johnson, Andrew, as President, 216.

Johnson, Samuel, on American Revolution, 113.

Johnston, J. E., Hayes desires to offer cabinet position to, 247.

Journalists, Godkin, 267-297. See also Newspapers.

Jowett, Benjamin, on Thucydides, 6.

Julian the Apostate, Gibbon's treatment, 132.

Kansas, and election of 1856, 88.

Kent, James, on danger in presidential contests, 219.

Key, D. M., in Hayes's cabinet, 247.

Kinglake, A. W., on power of press, 89.

Laboulaye, Edouard, on Federal Constitution, 204.

Langlois, C. V., on Froude, 41; on ethical judgments, 43; on note-making, 76.

Latin, importance to historians, 49, 51, 54; Gibbon's knowledge, 120, 123.

Laud, William, Macaulay and Gardiner on, 149.

Lausanne, Gibbon at, 108, 113, 119, 121; Voltaire's theatre, 121.

Lea, H. C., business training, 79; as scientific historian, 103.

Lecky, W. E. H., and Christianity, 131; essay on, 153-158; precocity, 153; value of "Morals," 153; intellectual training, 153; as philosophic historian, 154; "England," 154, 155; on French Revolution, 155; on Irish history, 155; in politics, 156; popularity of history, 156; social traits, 156; interest in America, 157; historic divination, 158; "Democracy and Liberty," 158.