Part 25

Chapter 25 of 25 · 9 min read

Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, on power of press, 96.

Lincoln, Abraham, as President, 213-216; theory and action of war power, 213; as a precedent, 214; popular support, 215; and public opinion, 231; as a prime minister, 241.

Linguistic ability, importance to historians, 49-52; Gibbon's, 133; Gardiner's, 143.

Literary criticism in The Nation, 291-295.

Literary style, acquisition by historian, 52-55; Macaulay's, 55; Gibbon's, 133; Gardiner's, 148; Spencer Walpole's, 165.

Lodge, H. C., in the House, 227.

Logan, J. A., at burning of Columbia, 303, 311, 312.

London Daily News, Godkin as American correspondent, 273.

Long Parliament, character of rump, 320.

Louisiana, purchase as precedent, 208; overthrow of carpet-bag government, 248, 249.

Lowell, J. R., on present-day life, 21; on Carlyle, 39; on college training, 102; on Darwin, 145; on Grant's cabinet, 186; on The Nation, 268, 271, 278; on importance of Godkin to it, 275.

Macaulay, Lord, on Shakespeare as historian, 2; on Herodotus, 5; prolixity, 11, 16, 36; on Thucydides, 19, 61; lack of reflection and digestion, 37; enthusiasm, 38; as partisan, 41; and popularity, 44; on Greek and Latin, 51; style, 55; on mathematics, 56; importance in training of historian, 62; biography, 64; as reader, 69; on Gibbon, 115; on Wentworth and Laud, 149; Gladstone on, 155; on Cromwell, 318; on character of Puritans, 318; on Cromwell's army, 319; Auckland on agreeing with, 323.

McCrary, G. W., in Hayes's cabinet, 247.

McKim, J. M., and foundation of The Nation, 273, 274.

McKinley, William, as leader of House, 227; tariff bill, 227; as President, 229-234; change in tariff views, 229-231; and gold standard, 231; and public opinion, Spanish War and Philippines, 231-234; diplomacy, 234; influence on Congress, 234; as speaker, 241; attitude of Godkin, 286.

Mackintosh, Sir James, on irreligion of Gibbon's time, 132.

Madison, James, as President, 207.

Mahaffy, J. P., on Herodotus, 5; on Thucydides, 8.

Mahan, A. T., anticipation of theory, 127.

Maine, Sir Henry, on Federal Constitution, 203, 206.

Manuscript sources, value, 85, 91, 294; Gardiner's use, 143, 144.

Massachusetts Historical Society, papers by author before, 141, 151, 159, 175, 183, 189, 315; recognition of Gardiner, 147; of Lecky, 156; interest of E. L. Pierce in, 181; E. G. Bourne and editorship of publications, 199.

Mathematics, and training of historian, 55-57.

Matthews, William, on The Nation, 278, 279.

Merritt, E. A., appointment by Hayes, 255.

Mexican War, aggression, 212; and slavery, 212.

Mill, J. S., and mathematics, 56; prodigy, 56.

Milligan case, and arbitrary government, 215.

Milman, H. H., on Gibbon's history, 125, 139.

Milton, John, on books, 60.

Moliere, importance to historians, 49.

Mommsen, Theodor, on Gibbon, 11, 125; as scientific historian, 43.

Money. See Finances.

Monographs, use by general historians, 22.

Monroe, James, as President, 207, 209.

Monroe Doctrine, and Philippines, 195; and development of presidential office, 209.

Montesquieu, Gibbon on, 119.

Morison, J. A. Cotter, on Gibbon, 131.

Morley, John, on Macaulay, 16, 38, 55; on Cicero and Voltaire, 51.

Morrill, J. S., and Hayes's New York Custom-house appointments, 255.

Morris, Gouverneur, and framing of Constitution, 204.

Morse, C. F., on feeling in Union army towards South Carolina, 307.

Motley, J. L., best work, 68; advice to historians, 74, 75; and manuscript sources, 86, 91; Bourne's unfinished biography, 196.

Nation, as historical source, 95; J. D. Cox as contributor, 187; circulation, 270; foundation, 273; weekly edition of Evening Post, 274. See also Godkin.

Necker, Mme. See Curchod.

Negro suffrage, opposition of J. D. Cox, 186.

Nerva, as "gray emperor," 127.

"New English Dictionary," importance of quotations in, 55.

New York Custom-house, Hayes's reforms and appointments, 254.

New York Weekly Tribune, influence, 31, 90, 91, 267. See also Greeley.

Newspapers, as historical sources, 29-32, 83-97; use by Von Holst, 29; as registers of facts, 30, 86-89; importance for dates, 30, 87; as guide of public opinion, 31, 89-92; power of New York Weekly Tribune, 31, 90, 91, 267-269; qualities of evidence, 83, 84; value in American history, for period 1850-1860, 85-92; and correction of logical assumptions, 87-89; as record of speeches and letters, 89; value of partisanship, 91; value of Northern, for Civil War period, 92, 93; of Southern, 93; laboriousness of research, 93; value for Reconstruction, 94; canons of use, 96; as fourth estate, 96; criticisms of Presidents, 239. See also Nation.

Niebuhr, B. G., on Gibbon, 10, 109; on training of historian, 29.

North, Sir Thomas, translation of Plutarch, 1.

Norton, C. E., on Godkin, 270; and foundation of The Nation, 273, 274.

Note-making in historical work, 76.

Nullification, Jackson's course, 210.

"Official Records of Union and Confederate armies," value as historical source, 92.

"Ohio idea," 259.

Oliver, J. M., at burning of Columbia, 313.

Olmsted, F. L., Godkin on Southern books, 273; interest in The Nation, 274; on importance of Godkin to it, 275.

Olney, Richard, draft general arbitration treaty, 226.

Originality in history, 27-29, 34, 75.

Oxford University, address of author at, 169.

Pacific Coast, Goethe's prophecy, 71.

Packard, S. B., overthrow of government, 248, 249.

Palmerston, Lord, Spencer Walpole's estimate, 164.

Panama Canal, Goethe's prophecy, 72.

Paper money. See Finances.

Parkman, Francis, originality, 28; best work, 68; remuneration, 78; national pride in, 102; and religion, 131; on The Nation, 270, 295.

Partisanship, historical value of newspaper, 83, 91.

Pascal, Blaise, influence on Gibbon, 119.

Pasteur, Louis, biography, 59.

Patriotism in historians, 22.

Pericles, funeral oration, 18, 23.

Philippines, annexation and Monroe Doctrine, 195; McKinley's attitude, 233; Godkin's attitude, 286.

Physical sciences, and history, 2; and training of historian, 55-59.

Pierce, E. L., essay on, 177-181; biography of Sumner, 177-179; as politician and citizen, 179, 181; historic sense, 179; character, 180; interest in Massachusetts Historical Society, 181.

Pierce, Franklin, as President, 213.

Pike, J. S., historical value of newspaper articles, 31.

Pittsburg, railroad riot of 1877, 252, 253.

Pliny the Younger, on Tacitus, 9.

Plutarch, North's translation, 1; on Thucydides, 19.

Poetry, and history, 1.

Politics, Godkin on decline, 296, 297. See also Civil service, Congress, Elections, Newspapers, Presidential office, and parties by name.

Polk, J. K., as President, 211.

Polybius, as historian, 6.

Popularity, and historical writing, 44.

Presidential office, essay on, 203-241; flexibility of powers and duties, 204; under Washington, control of treaties, 205-207; John Adams to J. Q. Adams, extension of power, 207-209; and annexations, 208; and Monroe Doctrine, 209; under Jackson, era of vulgarity, spoils system, 209-211; Van Buren to Buchanan, annexations and slavery, 211-213; period of weakness, 213; under Lincoln, war power, 213-216; under Johnson, nadir, 216; and cabinet government, 217, 240, 263; under Grant, 217-219, 262; veto power, 219; Kent on dangers in elections, 219; contested election of 1876, 219, 254; under Hayes, 220-222, 245-264; under Garfield, civil service reform, 222; under Arthur, 222; under Cleveland, advance in power, 223-226; under Harrison, 226-228; under McKinley, 229-234; and public opinion, 231-234; character of Roosevelt, 235; business, interruptions and their remedy, 236-239; appointments, number of presidential offices, 236; contact with Congress, 237; criticisms, 238-240; success of system, 240-241.

Pritchett, H. S., on McKinley and Philippines, 233.

Public opinion, newspapers as guide, 31, 89-92; backing of Lincoln's extra-legal actions, 215; influence on Presidents, 231-234.

Puritans, Macaulay and Gardiner on character, 318.

Pym, John, and Revolution of 1688, 323.

Railroad riots, 1894, Cleveland and use of Federal troops, 225; 1877, cause, 251; strike and conflicts, 253; use of Federal troops, 253; social alarm, 254; conduct of Hayes, 254.

Ranke, Leopold von, "England," 143.

Raymond, H. J., power as journalist, 90.

Reading, desultory, 64, 65, 199; facility and retention, 69; note-making, 76.

Reconstruction, newspapers as historical source, 94, 95; J. D. Cox's opposition to negro suffrage, 186; failure, final withdrawal of troops, 248, 249; attitude of The Nation, 282.

Reed, T. B., and power of Speaker, 227.

Reflection in historical work, 37.

Reform act of 1832, Lord John Russell's introduction, 162.

Religion, Gibbon on, under Pagan empire, 126; Gibbon's treatment of early Christian church, 131-133.

Republican party, newspapers as record of formation, 90; and sound money, 227, 257.

Resumption of specie payments, opposition and success, 258, 259.

Revolution of 1688, question of Cromwell's influence, 322, 323.

Riots. See Railroad.

Robertson, William, present-day reputation, 40, 111; Gibbon on, 122.

Rome. See Gibbon, Tacitus.

Roosevelt, Theodore, character, 235; routine as President, 236, 238.

Ropes, J. C., as military historian, 13.

Round Table, character, 279.

Rousseau, J. J., on Gibbon as lover, 137.

Russell, Lord John, and Reform Act of 1832, 162; Spencer Walpole's biography, 162.

Sainte-Beuve, C. A., style, 53; on desultory reading, 65; on biographies of Goethe, 72; as critic, 72; on Gibbon, 114, 123; on Tacitus, 128.

Salisbury, Lord, Godkin on, 290.

Santa Maria in Ara Coeli, Bambino, 107; connection with Gibbon, 107.

Schofield, J. M., on J. D. Cox, 185.

Schouler, William, power as journalist, 90.

Schurz, Carl, on history as profession, 78; criticism of Cleveland's Venezuelan policy, 239; in Ohio campaign of 1875, 246; Secretary of Interior, ability, 247; with Hayes at Harvard commencement, 251; and civil service reform, 256; social character, 262; as editor of Evening Post, 274; and greenback inflation, 281.

Scott, Winfield, presidential campaign, 86, 87.

Sea-power, Gibbon on, 127.

Senate. See Congress.

Seward, W. H., and arbitrary arrests, 214.

Shakespeare, William, as historian, 1, 7, 22; conciseness, 36; and study of human character, 67.

Shaw, Bernard, on reality of Shakespeare's characters, 67.

Sheffield, Lord, sends wine to Gibbon, 135.

Sherman, John, and Silver Bill of 1878, 221, 259, 260; on contact of President and Congress, 237; in Ohio campaign of 1875, 246; Secretary of Treasury, ability, 247, 258; refunding, 258; abused for depression, specie resumption, 258, 259; social character, 263; and greenback inflation, 281.

Sherman, W. T., and Hayes's suggestion of war portfolio for General Johnston, 247; and burning of Columbia, 301-313.

Sicilian expedition, Thucydides's account, 19, 61.

Silver. See Finances.

Slavery, and westward expansion, 212.

Source material, use by Thucydides and Tacitus, 12-16; modern, 20, 22; newspapers, 29-32, 83-97; manuscript, 85, 91, 143, 294.

South Carolina, overthrow of carpet-bag government, 248; feeling of Union army towards, 306.

Spanish War, newspapers and cause, 89; McKinley's course, 233; attitude of Godkin, 286.

Speaker of House of Representatives, power, 227.

Spectator, on McKinley's diplomacy, 234.

Spedding, James, Gardiner on, 145.

Spencer, Herbert, on aim of education, 77; on age as factor in evidence, 85; Bryce on, 293.

Spoils system. See Civil service.

Stael, Madame de, parents, 137; on Gibbon, 137 n.

"Stalwarts," origin of name, 249.

Stanton, E. M., and arbitrary arrests, 214.

Stephens, H. M., on French Revolution, 155.

Stone, G. A., at burning of Columbia, 302, 310, 311.

Story, Joseph, on presidential character, 235.

Stubbs, William, as historian, 42, 69, 157.

Suffrage, Godkin on universal, 296. See also Negro.

Sumner, Charles, style, 53.

Switzerland, Gibbon's manuscript history, 124.

Tacitus, rank as historian, 5; characteristics as historian, 8-10, 128; conciseness, 11, 16; use of source material, 15; as contemporary historian, 17, 19, 111; on history, 43; importance in training of historian, 61; Gibbon on, 116; on censure, 276.

Taine, H. A., use of journals, 83.

Tariff, Cleveland's attitude, 225; McKinley Act, 227; Dingley Act, 229; McKinley's change of opinion, 229-231; The Nation and protection, 282.

Taylor, Zachary, as President, 212.

Texan annexation, 211; and slavery, 212.

Thackeray, W. M., on Macaulay, 38.

Theodora, Gibbon's treatment, 133.

Thompson, R. W., in Hayes's cabinet, 247.

Thucydides, rank as historian, 5; on history, 6; characteristics as historian, 6-8, 39, 128; conciseness, 11, 14, 16, 36; use of personal sources material, 12-14; as contemporary historian, 17, 111; importance in training of historian, 61.

Thurman, A. G., and greenback inflation, 281.

Ticknor, George, pessimism, 288.

Tilden, S. J., election controversy, 203, 219, 245.

Tocqueville, Alexis de, style, 65; on presidential office, 210.

Trajan, "wise emperor," 127.

Treaty-making power, Jay Treaty as precedent, 206.

Trent, W. P., on burning of Columbia, 302.

Trevelyan, Sir G. O., biography of Macaulay, 64.

Tyler, John, as President, 211, 212.

Tyndall, John, as popular scientist, 58.

Ulysses, and study of human character, 67.

United States, Goethe's prophecy of westward extension and Panama Canal, 71; political traditions, 208; Godkin's early optimism and later pessimism concerning, 272, 284-290, 296; Godkin on general progress and political decline, 296. See also American, Finances, Newspapers, Politics.

Universities, strife after exact knowledge, 101; advantages and aim of training, 102.

Vallandigham case, Lincoln's attitude, 214.

Van Buren, Martin, as President, 211.

Venezuela-Guiana boundary, Cleveland's action, 225 Godkin's attitude, 285.

Veto power, wisdom, 219.

Voltaire, importance to historians, 51; theatre at Lausanne, 121; and Gibbon, 121.

Walker, F. A., career, 283; The Nation ignores death of, 283, 284.

Walpole, Sir Spencer, essay on, 161-167; "England," 161, 163, 164; biography of Lord John Russell, 162; knowledge of men, 164; of continental politics, 164; "Studies in Biography," 164; knowledge of practical politics, 165; as man of affairs, 165; style, 165; visit to, character, 165-167; death, 167.

War power, exemplification by Lincoln, 213-216.

Warner, C. D., on originality in style, 27.

Washington, George, as President, 205-207; prescience, 206; as political tradition, 208.

Webb, J. W., power as journalist, 90.

Webster, Daniel, basis of style, 53, 54; and presidential nomination in 1852, 86.

Weed, Thurlow, power as journalist, 90.

Wells, H. G., on Boston, 138.

Wentworth, Thomas, Macaulay and Gardiner on, 149.

West Virginia, railroad riots of 1877, 252.

Western Reserve University, lecture by author at, 47.

Wheeler, Joseph, lootings by his cavalry at Columbia, 309.

Whig party, nominations in 1852, 86.