Part 38

To conclude. In Asiatic States the superintendence of religious affairs is an integral attribute of the sovereignty, which no Government, except the English in India, has yet ventured to relinquish; and even in India this is not done without some risk, for religion and politics are still intermingled throughout the world; they act and react upon each other everywhere. They are still far from being disentangled in our own country, where the theory that a Government in its collective character must profess and even propagate some religion has not been very long obsolete. It was maintained seventy years ago by a great statesman who was already rising into prominence, by Mr. Gladstone. The text of Mr. Gladstone's argument, in his book on the relations of the State with the Church, was Hooker's saying, that the religious duty of kings is the weightiest part of their sovereignty; while Macaulay, in criticising this position, insisted that the main, if not the only, duty of a Government, to which all other objects must be subordinate, was the protection of persons and property. These two eminent politicians were, in fact, the champions of the ancient and the modern ideas of sovereignty; for the theory that a State is bound to propagate the religion that it professes was for many centuries the accepted theory of all Christian rulerships, though I think it now survives only in Mohammedan kingdoms.

As the influence of religion in the sphere of politics declines, the State becomes naturally less concerned with the superintendence of religion; and the tendency of constitutional Governments seems to be towards abandoning it. The States that have completely dissolved connection with ecclesiastical institutions are the two great republics, the United States of America and France. We can discern at this moment a movement towards constitutional reforms in Mohammedan Asia, in Turkey, and Persia, and if they succeed it will be most interesting to observe the effect which liberal reforms will produce upon the relation of Mohammedan Governments with the dominant faith, and on which side the religious teachers will be arrayed. It is certain, at any rate, that for a long time to come religion will continue to be a potent factor in Asiatic politics; and I may add that the reconciliation of civil with religious liberty is one of the most arduous of the many problems to be solved by the promoters of national unity.

FOOTNOTES:

Delivered as President of the Congress for the History of Religions, September 1908.—Fortnightly Review, November 1908.

'Cujus regio ejus religio.'

The Development of Religion in Japan, G. W. Knox, 1907.

'Atheism did never disturb States' (Bacon).

INDEX

Acton, Lord: On causes of Franco-German War, 346. Quoted, 362 (footnote), 386, 396, 398. Advice to writers of history, 384, 394. Also 370, 374, 375, 387.

Addison's Blenheim criticised in Esmond, 101.

Adventure, see Novels of.

Adventures of Moreau de Jonnés, 16. Popularity of, in short stories, 31.

Afghan: Blood feuds, border forays, etc., 163, 164. War, 163, 318. Songs, 168. Frontier and frontier policy, 319, 324. Character, 320.

Afghanistan: Barrier to Russian advance in Asia, 316. British policy towards, compared with Russian policy in Caucasus, 317. Is acquiring a territorial connotation, 416. Eastern bulwark of Islam, 417, 449.

Akhlongo, siege of, 305.

Althorp, Lord, 64.

Armenians, their position and misfortunes, 414.

Arnold, Matthew: Lord Morley's article on his letters, 50. His letters reviewed, 57. Quoted, 58, 59, 60, 61,177, 257. Praised and criticised by Swinburne, 282, 287. Also 126, 183, 207, 266, 281.

Asia and foreign dynasties, 417.

Asoka, 436.

Austen, Jane, as novelist of manners, 21, 24.

Austria-Hungary, intermixture of races and religions in, 403.

Balfour, Arthur James, Foundations of Belief, 250.

Balkans, policy of the Turks in the, 407.

Balzac, 94.

Bariatinsky, 314.

Beauchamp and the Utilitarian rejection of theology, 255.

Behn, Mrs. Aphra, 2.

Benedetti, 332, etc.

Bentham, see 'Utilitarians.'

Beowulf, 168.

Bismarck, see 'L'Empire Libéral,' passim.

Blavatsky, Madame, 134.

Blood feuds in Afghanistan, 321. On the Scotch borders, 323.

Bonaparte, 92, 187.

Bossuet, 451.

Braddock, General, 104.

Braddon, Miss, 26.

Bret Harte, 32.

Bright, John: 'Force no remedy,' 260.

Broad Church, 62, 257.

Brontë, Charlotte, 25.

Broughton, Miss, 26.

Brown: definition of 'Intuition,' 238.

Browning, Robert, 69, 266, 267. Swinburne's homage to, 282.

Buckle, 253, 261.

Buddhism, 400, 423, and see 'The State in Relation to Religion.'

Bulwer-Lytton, Sir E., 99, 116.

Burial of Sir John Moore, 173.

Burke's letters, 37.

Burney, Miss, 21.

Butler's Analogy, 236.

=Byron, Works of Lord=, 177-209. Additions to his published letters, 178. Their bearing on his reputation, 179. Causes affecting his popularity, 183. Comparison with Chateaubriand, 186, 194. His success in oriental romance, 187; and in heroic verse, 190. Defects, tendency to declamation, etc., 191. Carelessness, contrast between his theory and practice, 193. Comparison with Scott, The Giaour, 195. Metre of his romantic poems, 197. His dramas, failure in blank verse, 198. His lyrical power, examples, 200. Beppo and Don Juan, 203. Founder of modern realism in poetry, 204. Vision of Judgment, 206. Conclusions: value of his influence, 207.

Byron, Lord, as realist, 6. Also 13 and 97, and see under 'Letter-writing.'

Campbell, Thomas: Carlyle's description, 64. As heroic poet, 173.

Carlyle, Thomas, see 'Letter-writing.' Denounces Utilitarianism, 256. Swinburne's tribute, 283. His descriptive method, 383. See also 9, 58, 116, 215.

Castlereagh, Lord, 180, 183.

Caucasus, see 'Frontiers,' 291, etc.

Cavagnari, in Afghan ballads, 163.

Cervantes, 108.

Chanson de Roland, 161.

Charles Edward, Prince, authentic incident in Esmond, 104.

Chateaubriand, 97, 115, 185-187, 194.

Chaucer, 1.

Chevy Chase, 170.

Chillianwalla in fiction, 128.

China, religious systems, 423. Religious polity, 438.

Christian missions in India, 326.

Christianity and Islam, as militant religions, 400, 408, 421. Compared with Buddhism, etc., 427. Form alliances with the State, 434, 441.

Church and State: Lord Acton on, 398. Separation a modern idea, 421. Importance to the Church of recognition, 445. Diminishing closeness of the connection, 450. Gladstone and Macaulay on, 452.

Clough, 266.

Coleridge, S. T., see 'Letter-writing.' Connection of speculative ideas and political movements, 211, 229, 237, 372. Quoted, 33, 181, 393. Also mentioned, 37, 185, 265, 287.

Colvin, Sidney, quoted, 40, 71.

Comte and J. S. Mill, 255.

Cooper, Fenimore, 32.

Cowper, as letter-writer, 37, 66. Quoted, 62.

Crabbe, 193. Quoted, 69.

Crimean War, 311, 313.

Cujus regio ejus religio, 436.

Dante, 39.

Dargo, in the Caucasus, attack on, 307-308.

Darmesteter, Afghan ballads, 163, 168.

Davidson on rhyme in poetry, 279, 280.

Defoe, 3, 99.

De la Gorce: On Napoleon III., 330. On the French ministry, 339, 347.

De Musset, Alfred, 111.

De Staël, Madame, 180.

De Tocqueville, 331, 402.

De Vogüé, 252.

Dickens, Charles, 23, 30, 68, 98.

Direct narration in fiction, 18.

Disraeli, Benjamin, as novelist, 18.

Drama, rival of the novel, 2.

Du Barail, General: On Napoleon III., 330. On Ollivier, 331.

Due de Gramont, 331, etc.

Duvernois' interpellation in French Chamber, 342, 347.

Edgeworth, Miss, 21.

Eliot, George: Romola, 23. Adam Bede, 25.

Empire, defined, 406.

Ems, Benedetti and King of Prussia at, 343-350, 356.

Encyclopédistes, ancestors of the Utilitarians, 252, 402.

European dominion in Asia, importance of, 403.

Farrar, Archdeacon, quoted, 12.

Ferozeshah, 130.

Ferrero on Julius Cæsar, 391.

Fiction and fact in the novel and in history, 10, 385.

Fiction, doubt as to its value as evidence of manners, 111. See also 91 and 110.

Fielding, Henry, 3, 26, 95, 111. Tom Jones, 19. Influence on Thackeray, 99.

Fitzgerald, Edward, see 'Letter-writing,' 66-70.

Franco-German War, see 'L'Empire Libéral.'

French Revolution, 212, 218.

=Frontiers, Ancient and Modern=, 291-327. Demarcation of frontiers a modern development, 291. Interest of the subject to England, 293. Mr. Baddeley's work on the Caucasus, 294. Description of the Caucasus, 295. The Russian advance, 296. Yermoloff and his policy, 298. Its failure for the time, and his recall, 301. Rise of Muridism, 302. Shamil succeeds Kazi Mullah, 303. Capture of Akhlongo, 306. Repulse of Vorontzoff at Dargo; 307. and at Ghergebil, 310. Shamil ransoms his son, 312. Surrenders at Gooneeb (1857), 313. Effect on Asiatic politics, 315. Russian policy compared with British in Afghanistan, 316. Dr. Pennell on the Afghans, 319. Ghazis, blood feuds, 321. Dr. Pennell on missions, 326.

Frontiers, not strictly demarcated in the East, 413.

Froude, J. A., quoted, 74. His methods as a historian, 382.

Gambetta votes for war with Prussia, 359.

Garibaldi, 273.

Gaskell, Mrs., 26.

Gesta Romanorum, 2.

Gil Blas, 19, 204.

Gladstone, W. E., 229.

Godwin, William: As recipient of good letters, 46. His tragedy, Antonio, 46. Carlyle's description, 64. A peaceful anarchist, 234.

Goethe, 78, 182.

Gordon, Lindsay, 32.

Grand Cyrus, 96.

Gray, Thomas, 37, 50.

Greek Church, 433. Comparison with Rome, 409.

Hemans, Mrs., 265.

Herodotus, 160, 379.

=Heroic Poetry=, 155-176. Definition, 155. Professor Ker's Epic and Romance, 156. Early bards and chroniclers, 157. Their work based on fact, 158, 164. The hero and the heroic poet, 159. Icelandic Sagas, and Afghan songs, 163. Homer, 165. Position of women in Homeric poetry, 166. The heroic style in the Old Testament, 167. Romantic poetry of England, Morte d Arthur and ballads, 169. Sir Walter Scott, 171. Limitations of heroic poetry, 172. Its decline, unfavourable influences of both the romantic and the realistic spirit, 174.

Hindu, meaning of, 419.

Hinduism, not a missionary religion, 400. Never established by the State, 447.

Historical romance brought to perfection in nineteenth century, 96.

=History, Remarks on the Reading of=, 377-398. Almost all real history written in some European language, 377. History, formerly an art, becoming a science, 379. Macaulay, Froude, and Carlyle as historical artists, 382. The scientific method, possible drawbacks, 384. Limitation and subdivision necessary, 386. Short abstracts, their use and abuse, 388. Motives for studying history, 390. Our knowledge imperfect, and our predictions fallible, 392. Lord Acton's advice and principles, 394.

Hobbes, Thomas, 243, 273. Followed by Bentham, 221. Quoted, 319, 413, 441.

Hogarth, William, 99.

Hookham Frere, 204.

Hugo, Victor, 187, 300. Swinburne's admiration, 265, 282, 287.

Hume, 215, 216. Influence on Bentham, 222; on Mill, 244, 254. Quoted, 224.

Humphry Ward, Mrs., example of her descriptive method, 27.

Hutcheson, 217.

Iliad, 174.

Impressionist school in fiction, 33.

Inchbald, Mrs., quoted, 46.

India, Mill's history of, 225.

Importance of frontier questions, 293.

Indian Empire: Resemblance to Roman, 420. Comparison with Russian, 424. See also 'Race and Religion,' and 'The State in Relation to Religion.'

Irish characters, Thackeray's partiality for, 109.

Islam: Its militant policy, 400, 413. Spread of, 432. In India, 446. Importance to Turkey of Sultan's position in, 449.

James, G. P. R., 32.

Jeffrey, Thomas, 186, 199.

Jehu's story, 382.

John Inglesant, 18, 106.

Johnson, Samuel, 120.

Jones, Paul, 113.

Jowett, Benjamin, quoted, 55, 57.

Kaffir, origin of the name, 415.

Keats, John, 185, 199. See also 'Letter-writing.'

Kemble, Fanny, FitzGerald's letters to, 68.

Ker's Epic and Romance, 156, 164, 168.

Kidnapped, direct narration in, 18.

Kingsley, Charles, 8. Quoted, 278.

Kipling, Rudyard, 32, 149, 174.

Klugenau, Russian General, 305.

Lamartine, 187.

Lamb, Charles, 47. Quoted, 48, 56.

Lansdowne, Lord, 228.

Laotze, 438.

Le Boeuf, Marshal, 334, 347, 351, 358.

Lecky, W. E. H., on American Loyalists, 105. Comparison with Walpole, 376.

=L'Empire Libéral=, 328-367. Constitutional reforms and character of Napoleon III., 330. Ollivier's difficult position as chief minister, 331. Crown of Spain accepted by Leopold, 332. Effect in France, warning to Prussia, 333-336. Benedetti's interview at Ems, 337. Leopold's compulsory renunciation, 338. Incautious action of Ollivier, 339; and of Gramont, 341. Assurances demanded from Prussia, 344. Ollivier meditates resignation, 345. Benedetti at Ems, 348. 'Le Soufflet de Bismarck,' 350. Declaration of war, 352. Thiers' opposition, Ollivier's defence, 353, 354. French enthusiasm, 358. Reception of declaration by Bismarck; 360; and by the Reichstag, 361. Bismarck's real responsibility, 362. Ollivier's acts and motives examined, 365.

=Letter-writing (English) in the Nineteenth Century=, 34-75. Conditions of fine letter-writing, 34. Affinities with the diary and the essay, 36. Poets as good letter-writers, 37. Value of letters for biographical and other purposes, 38. Earlier writers—Keats, Scott, Southey, Byron, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Shelley, Lamb, 39-47. Lord Morley's canon, 50. Later writers and their difficulties, 52. Dean Stanley's letters, 53. Matthew Arnold's, 57. Thomas Carlyle's, 63. Edward Fitzgerald's, 66. R. L. Stevenson's, 70.

Lever, Charles, 8, 92.

Liverpool, Lord, 66, 229, 230.

Lucretius, 271.

Macaulay, T. B., 61, 206. On Byron, 184, 191. His rejoinder to James Mill, 227. Influence on Walpole, 371. Ranke's criticism, 383.

Machiavelli: On judging by results, 329. On standing neutral in war, 331.

Mackintosh, as typical Whig, 228.

Maine, Sir H., on 'Sovereignty,' 412.

Malthus, T., 234, 236.

Manning, Cardinal, 53, 74.

Marbot, success of his Memoirs, 13, 16.

Marcella, quoted, 27.

Marlborough, Thackeray's description of, 103.

Marryat, Captain, 8.

Master of Ballantrae, direct narration in, 18.

Maurice, 256.

Mayor's English Metres, 286.

Mazzini, 273. Quoted, 184.

Memoirs and fiction, 13.

Memorials of Coleorton, 42.

Meredith, George, 264.

Mill, see 'Utilitarians.'

Milton, 200, 287. Quoted, 183.

Mongolians have not produced spiritual teachers, 442.

Moore, Thomas, 42, 179, 193. His sham Orientalism, 6, 123, 188. His dealings with Byron's letters, 177.

Morte d'Arthur, 169.

Mullahs, 320.

Muridism, see 'Frontiers,' 320.

Murray, John, 178. Quoted, 188.

Murray, Professor, and solar myths, 161.

Myths, historical value of, 11.

Napoleon: His story adapted to myth-making, 14. Transformer of democracy into Imperialism, 252, 402.

Napoléon Intime, 15.

Napoleon III; and see 'L'Empire Libéral.'

Nationalities, formation of, in Europe, 401.

Naturalism or realism defined, 25.

Newman, Cardinal, 257, 258. Swinburne's tribute to, 283.

=Novels of Adventure and Manners=, 1-33. Mr. Raleigh on origins of fiction, 1. Metrical tales, heroic romance, the eighteenth-century school of novelists, 2, 3. Novel of adventure derived from the fabulous romance, 4. Scott's influence, 5. Later tendencies, 6. Approximation of the historian and novelist, 10. The novelist rivalled by the writer of Memoirs, 13. Adventures of de Jonnés reviewed, 16. Causes limiting the sphere of the Novel of Adventure, 18. Novel of Manners, its pedigree: Fielding, 19. Influence of women writers: Miss Austen, etc., 21. Growth of Realism, 25. Description of nature, its uses, 26. Danger of excessive Realism, 29. Short stories: the Impressionist School, 32.

=Novelist, The Anglo-Indian=, 121-154. Causes affecting output of good fiction in India, 121. Tara, a successful historical novel, 123. Pandurang Hari, valuable as picture of pre-English times, 125. Oakfield, good battle pictures, absence of native characters noted, 126. The Wetherbys, 131. A True Reformer, and The Dilemma, 132. Mr. Isaacs, 134. Helen Treveryan, assigned a high place as a historical novel, 136. On the Face of the Waters, Indian characters freely introduced, minute adherence to fact, 139. Bijli the Dancer, a purely native story, 143. Chronicles of Dustypore, a picture of Anglo-Indian life, 145. The Bond of Blood, a dramatic presentation of incidents of Indian life, 146. The Naulakha, 149. Transgression, 151. Conclusions: uniformity of Anglo-Indian society, 152. Conditions favour the novel of action, 153. Absence of the psychological vein, 154.

O'Connell, Daniel, described by Carlyle, 64.

Odyssey quoted, 167.

Old Testament and heroic narration, 167.

Oliphant, Mrs., 26.

Ollivier, see 'L'Empire Libéral.'

Olozaga, 337.

Ottoman Empire, its complexities of Race and Religion, 406.

Ouida, 25.

Paley, 222.

Parr, Dr., 199.

Patmore, Coventry, 268.

Pearson, Hugh, 55, 57.

Peel, Sir Robert, quoted, 232.

Peninsular War and heroic poetry, 173.

Peter the Great's Caspian expedition, 296.

Phingari, 196.

Polytheism, formerly universal, 428; gives way to Christianity, 431.

Pope, 37. Byron's praise, 193.

Porter, Jane, and historical romance, 23.

Rabelais, 321.

=Race and Religion=, 399-426. Ancient groupings of peoples, 399. Effect of (1) the Roman Empire, (2) Christianity and Islam, 400. Consolidation of States in the West, 401. Importance of 'Race' overlooked by Utilitarians, 402. Gravity of the question in Austria, 403. Its complexity in Turkey, 406. Maintenance of racial and religious differences by Asiatic Empires, 407. Close alliance of Greek Church with the State, 410. Classification of the people by religion in Ottoman Empire, 411. Importance of 'Race and Religion' in Asia, 412. Religious distinctions predominant in Western Asia, 413. Causes of the Armenian massacres, 414. Racial distinctions predominant in Afghanistan, 417. India, connotation of 'Hindu,' 418. Complexities of race and creed, 420. Policy of religious neutrality, 421. Peculiarity of religious situation in China, 422. Russian Empire, conclusions, 424.

Race distinctions, increasing influence of, 252.

Radcliffe, Mrs., the novelist, 5.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, on The English Novel, 1.

Ramsay, Sir William, on writing of history, 386.

Rawlinson on the effect of troubles in the Caucasus on Russian policy, 315.

Realism defined, 25. Its dangers, 28, 30, 31, (cf. 12, 140).

Reform Bill, 232.

=Religions, The State in its Relation to Eastern and Western=, 427-453. Eastern religions, Buddhism and Hinduism; Western, Christianity and Islam, 427. Growth of State domination under Roman Empire, 429. Domination of the Church when Christianity established, 431. Conflict with Islam, its effects, 432. Close alliance of both faiths with the State, 434. Absence of religious wars and of persecution in ancient India, 434. The situation in China, 437; and in Japan, 443. India, political independence of Hinduism, 443. Toleration by Mohammedan rulers, 446. Hinduism never an established religion, 447. British policy of neutrality, 447. Some political disadvantages, 449. Conclusions: difference in relations of Eastern and Western religions to the State, 451.

Renan, 379.

Ricardo, 234.

Richardson, the novelist, 3.

Ritchie, Lady Richmond, 76. Quoted, 79.

Robert Elsmere, its popularity, 30.

Roberts, Lord, 136, 142, 163, 319.

Rodney, Admiral, 115.

Roman Catholic Church, its polity compared with the Greek, 410. Inheritor of Imperial tradition, 432.

Roman Empire, its frontier policy, 292; also 400, 420, 430, 441.

Roman Naturaliste, by Brunetière, 25.

Rousseau, J. J., 212.

Sagas, 163, 168.

Sainte-Beuve, 194.

Say, Léon, 16.

Scotch common sense philosophy, 215.

Scotsman, the, in fiction, 109.

Scott, Michael, 8.

Scott, Sir Walter: Head of modern romantic school of fiction, 5. Abandoned poetry for prose, 6. Transferred dialogue from the drama to the novel, 108. His historical insight, 115. His descriptions of fighting, 103, 172, 190, 385. Quoted, 200.

Shakespeare, 39, 108, 198, 287, 380, 385. Quoted, 171, 275.

Shamil, see 'Frontiers,' 303, etc.

Shelley, 179, 185, 287. His letters, 44. Quoted, 207, 290. Comparison with Swinburne, 264. Swinburne's admiration, 288.

Shintoism, 443.

Shorthouse, J. H., 9.

Smollett, 111.

South African War, 176.

Southey, Robert, 41, 43, 62, 73, 206. Carlyle's description, 64. Type of Conservatism, 229.

Sovereignty, Territorial, a modern idea, 412.

Spenserian stanza, Byron's admiration for, 197.

Stanley, Dean, see 'Letter-writing.'

Stendhal, 87, 141.

Sterne, Laurence, 89.

Stevenson, R. L., see 'Letter-writing,' also 9, 116.

Surtees and the Sporting Novel, 26.

Swift, 89, 99. Thackeray's description, 103.

Swinburne, A. C., 69. On Byron, 183, 191, 207.

=Swinburne, Characteristics of his Poetry=, 263-290. Swinburne's predecessors and contemporaries, 263. Earlier poems, Atalanta in Calydon, Chastelard, 267. Poems and Ballads, published and withdrawn, 268; reissued with reply to critics, 272. Songs and Ballads, war upon theology, 273. Songs of the Four Seasons, 275. A Midsummer Holiday, 276. Love of the sea and of his country, 277. His power of musical phrasing, 279. His attitude to eminent contemporaries, 282. His dramas, 285. Concluding remarks: his high aspirations and his defects, 288.

Taeping rebellion, 423.

Taoism, 423, 438, 440.

Tchetchnia, in the Caucasus, 295, etc.

Tennyson, 38, 69, 174, 184, 194, 199, 266, 268, 286, 289, 374. Quoted, 205, 209, 287, 288. Absence of rhyme in 'Tears, idle tears,' 281. Swinburne's tribute, 282.

Thackeray, W. M., 23, 26, 141.

=Thackeray, William Makepeace=, 76-120. Lady Ritchie's biographical contributions, 76. Brief sketch of his life, 78. Early works, Yellowplush Papers, etc., 79. His rare qualities first shown in Barry Lyndon, 83. His defence of taking a rogue for hero, 86. Vanity Fair, his irony and pathos, 89. His merciless war on snobbery, 90. His pictures from military life, 91. Pendennis, a novel of manners, 93. Tendency to moralise, 95, 106, 110. Esmond, 96. Thackeray as historical novelist contrasted with Scott, 97, 103. The Virginians, 104. The Newcomes, a return to the novel of society, 109. Tendency to caricature, 111. Denis Duval, 112. Classification of his works as historical novels and novels of manners, 115. His character, religion and influence, 117.

Thiers, opposed to war of 1870, 353, etc.

Thorburn's Bannu, 163.

Tolstoi, 8, 101, 154.

Tractarians, 257. Walpole's account of, 372.

Trollope, Anthony, 24.

Turgot, 214.

=Utilitarians, The English=, 210-262. Objects of Mr. Stephen's history, 210. A system with a practical aim, 211. Its influence on government, 213. Philosophy of Reid and Stewart, 215. Bentham's doctrines, 216. Brief account of his life, 218. Mr. Stephen's criticisms, 221. Bentham's neglect of history, 223. James Mill, 225. Attitude to the Church, 226. His 'Essay on Government,' Macaulay's attack, 227. Position of Southey and Coleridge, 229. English and Greek theories of the State, 231. Criticism of Malthus and Ricardo, 234; and of James Mill, 238. John Stuart Mill, his life and training, 241. His doctrines and policy, 243. His Political Economy, 246. His later writings criticised, 248. The Subjection of Women, 251. Mill's theology, 253. Opposition to Utilitarianism, 256. Mr. Stephen's position, 259.

Voltaire, 206, 274.

Vorontzoff, Russian General, 307, 310.

Walpole, Horace, 3, 37, 50.

=Walpole, Sir Spencer=, 368-376. His literary bent as an historian, 369. His method described by himself, 371. His treatment of ecclesiastical controversies, 372. Comparison with Lecky, 375.