C. +Allgemeine Bemerkungen über die Schreibung der Fremdwörter.+

(=General Observations on the Spelling of Foreign Words.=)

1. =With foreign words= containing sounds and combinations of sounds =not originally German=, THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE regarding their orthography is =that, their foreign pronunciation being preserved, also the foreign garb of their orthography is retained.=

=So, for example, we use:—=

+=oi=+ (sounded as in French) in: +die Memoi´ren+ (memoirs); +die Toile´tte+ (toilet).

+=g=+ and +=j=+ (sounded as in French) in: +die Baga´ge+ (luggage); +das Logi´s+ (lodgings); +der Genda´rm+ (a police-officer on horseback); +das Genie´+ (genius; a man of great talent); +der Ingenieu´r+ (engineer); +das Journa´l+ (journal, magazine); +rangie´ren+ (to arrange), etc.—=But with German pronunciation=: +der Genera´l+ (general); +genia´l+ (highly gifted); +die Genialitä´t+ (geniality, originality), etc.—

+=gn=+ (sounded as in French) in: +der Champa´gner+ (champaign); +die Lorgne´tte+ (lorgnette, eye-glass), etc.

+=ll=+ (sounded like English l followed by y) in: +das Bataillo´n+ (battalion); +das Bi´llard+ (billiards); +das Bille´t+ (ticket; note); +der Postillo´n+ (postillion), etc.

+=n=+ (sounded as in French, but not quite so nasal) in: +die Nua´nce+ (gradation of colours); +das Bassi´n+ (reservoir); +der Refrai´n+ (refrain); +der Rayo´n+ (ray of light; [of a fortification]: radius); +das Violonce´ll+ (violoncello), etc.

2. =Many foreign words, on the other hand, composed of German sounds, which might be indicated by German letters, have as yet preserved their original orthography. So we find:—=

+=ai=+ (for the sound of +ä+) in: +die Chai´se+ (chaise), from the French;

+=au=+ and +=eau=+ (for the sound of +o+) in: +die Sau´ce+ (sauce); +das Bureau+ (office), from the French;

+=ch=+ (for the sound of +sch+) in: +die Chaussee´+ (turnpike-road), from the French;

+=ch=+ (for the Greek +k+-sound) in: +der+ or +das Chor+ (choir or chorus), from the Greek;

+=ph=+ (for the sound of +f+) in: +der Philoso´ph+ (philosopher), from the Greek;

+=th=+ (for the sound of +t+) in: +der Thron+ (throne), from the Greek; and

+=v=+ (for the German +w+-sound) in: +viole´tt+ (violet-blue, adj.), from the French.

3. =Again we find foreign words which, being in common use and composed of German sounds, have become entirely germanised, and wear a German garb=; as: +die Tru´ppe+ (troop, company), French: la troupe; +die Gru´ppe+ (group), French: la groupe; +der Disku´rs+ (discourse), French: le discours; +der Sekretä´r+ (secretary), French: le secrétaire.

=It follows from the three preceding paragraphs:—that it is impossible to reduce the spelling of foreign words to any fixed principles, and that there exists at present much uncertainty and inconsistency respecting the spelling of such words.= [Comp. B, Consonants, Note to letter +=k=+, also B, letter +=z=+, where additional examples are given.]

D. +Kleinschreibung und Zusammenziehung.+

(=Small Initials= [instead of Capitals] =and Contractions.=)

=USE SMALL INITIALS:—=

1. =With Nouns used as Prepositions, Conjunctions, Indefinite Numerals, and Adverbs=, as in: +angesichts+ (in the face of); +infolge+ (in consequence of); +behufs+ (on behalf of);—+falls+ (in case of);—+ein bißchen+ (a bit, a little); +ein paar+ (a few, some, some few);—+anfangs+ (in the beginning); +teils+ (partly); +einesteils+ (on the one part or hand); +andernteils+ (on the other part or hand); +meinerseits+ (on my part); +morgens+ (in the morning); +abends+ (in the evening); +vormittags+ (in the fore-noon) [=but=: +des Morgens+, +des Abends+, +heute Nachmittag+, etc., +Sonntags+, +Montags+, etc.]; +überhaupt+ (in general, altogether, moreover); +unterwegs+ (on the way); +heutzutage+ (now-a-days); +beizeiten+ (in time, betimes); +bisweilen+ (at times); +einmal+ (once); +zweimal+ (twice); +bergauf+ (uphill); +kopfüber+ (head over heels), etc.

2. =With Nouns used in Verbal-Combinations=, in which, by the by, they are strongly accented, and treated as separable particles, i.e. are separated from the verb and placed at the end of the clause when used in a principal sentence and in a simple tense. Such Verbal-Combinations are:—+re´cht haben+ (to be right); +u´nrecht haben+ (to be wrong); +lei´d thun+ (to be sorry); +we´h thun+ (to hurt);—+schu´ld haben+ or +sein+ (to be in fault);—+fei´nd sein+ (to be hostile); +mir ist a´ngst+, +wo´hl+ (I am afraid, well); +mir ist no´t+ (it is necessary to me, I require); +mir ist we´he+ (I am grieved); +das ist scha´de+ (that is a pity); +ich bin wi´llens+ (I have a mind, I intend);—+sta´ttfinden+, +sta´tthaben+ (to take place); +wa´hrnehmen+ (to perceive); +tei´lnehmen+ (to take part in, to sympathise with); +ü´berhandnehmen+ (to increase); +hau´shalten+ (to keep house, to manage); +a´chtgeben+ (to pay attention); +prei´sgeben+ (to abandon, to expose); +bra´chliegen+ (to lie fallow); +zusta´tten kommen+ (to be of use, to come in usefully); +insta´nd setzen+ (to repair, to restore); +zusta´nde kommen+ (to accomplish); +imsti´ch lassen+ (to leave in the lurch), etc.—+Er hält haus+; +es ist mir zustatten gekommen+; +es hat überhandgenommen+; +es ist mir zuteil geworden+. =But=: +Er hat keinen Teil an mir+, etc.

3. =With Pronouns and Numerals, as=:—+jemand+, +niemand+, +jeder+, +keiner+, +einer+, +der eine+, +der andere+, +man+;—+etliche+ (some), +einige+, +einzelne+, +manche+, +viele+, +alle+, +alles+, +etwas+, +nichts+, +beide+;—+die+ (+alle+) +andern+, +das+ (+alles+) +andre+, +die+ (+alle+) +übrigen+, +das+ (+alles+) +übrige+, +das meiste+, +der+ (+das+) +nämliche+, +der erste+, +der letzte+, +der zweite+, +der nächste+, +der erste beste+, +ein jeglicher+, etc.

=But=:—=Use Capital Initials= (as before):—

(a) =with Ordinal Numerals and Adjectives preceded by the definite article and used in apposition to a proper noun=, as: +Friedrich der Zweite+; +Karl der Große+, etc.

(b) =With Pronouns and Adjectives in titles=, as:—+Se. Majestät der König+; +das Kaiserliche Zollamt+ (the Imperial Custom-House); +der Wirkliche Geheimrat von Humboldt+ (the Privy Councillor von Humboldt).

(c) =With Pronouns used in addressing persons, more especially in letters=, as:—+Sie genießen mein volles Vertrauen+; +wir glauben Ihnen alles+; +das Haus Ihrer Eltern war mir stets geöffnet+; +ich will Dir bald mehr davon erzählen+; +stets bleibe ich Dein Dich liebender Sohn Heinrich+, etc.

4. =In Adjectival and Adverbial Clauses=, as:—+groß und klein+ (grown up people and children); +arm und reich+ (poor and rich people); +alt und jung+, +durch dick und dünn+;—+am besten+, +fürs erste+, +bei weitem+ (by far); +aufs deutlichste+, +im allgemeinen+, +im ganzen+, +im folgenden+, +im wesentlichen+ (essentially, in all essential points); +von neuem+, +vor kurzem+, +im voraus+ (beforehand); +von vorne+, +ohne weiteres+, +um ein beträchtliches+, etc.—=and also in idiomatic phrases=, such as:—+Er zieht den kürzern dabei+ (he is the loser by it); +ich will Ihnen Ihre Unarten zugute halten+ (I will bear with your rudeness; I will excuse your incivilities); +der Junge hat Sie zum besten+ (the boy amuses himself at your expense); +ich will es Ihnen zuliebe thun+ (I will do it to please you), etc.

E. +Zerlegung der Wörter in Silben.+

(=Division of Words into Syllables.=)

1. When part of a German word has to be separated from the rest in order to be carried on to the next line, the division into Syllables is made as we would naturally deliver them whilst pronouncing the word very slowly and distinctly. The compound letters: +=ch=+, +=ck=+, +=dt=+, +=pf=+, +=ph=+, +=sch=+, +=sp=+, +=st=+, +=ß=+, +=th=+, and +=tz=+, =should, as a rule, not be separated=. [For exceptions see § 2 of this chapter.] Examples:—+ru-hen+, +die-ser+, +Son-ne+, +Mut-ter+, +Mit-tag+, +den-noch+, +Flüs-se+, +Wet-ter-glas+, +fünf-te+, +An-ker+, +Wech-sel+, +Hoff-nung+, +Hoff-nun-gen+, +Fin-ger+, +Lang-sam-keit+,—+Brü-che+, +ha-cken+, +Stä-dte+, +klo-pfen+, +Or-tho-gra-phie+, +lö-schen+, +aus-spre-chen+, +lä-stig+, +schie-ßen+, +Lo-thar+, +kra-tzen+, +He-xe+.

2. The syllables forming the constituent parts of Compound Words should not be broken up, and the principal rule, as expressed above, cannot always be applied to them. Examples: +hin-ein+, +hier-auf+, +her-ein+, +dar-um+, +war-um+, +vor-aus+, +voll-en-den+, +In-ter-es-se+, +Mi-kro-skop+, +At-mo-sphä-re+, +Schiff-fahrt+, +Schwimmm-mei-ster+, +ge-müt-lich+, +Dis-pens+, +dis-pu-tie-ren+, +Dis-po-si-ti-on+, +be-ob-ach-ten+, +auf-er-ste-hen+, +Ge-burts-tag+, +Früh-lings-tag+. But write ‘+Schiffahrt+’ and ‘+Schwimmeister+’ when no separation takes place.

F. +Der Apostroph.+ (The Apostrophe.)

1. The Apostrophe is more especially used for indicating the suppression of certain letters in poetry and in the language of every-day life, as in English. Examples: +Ich lieb’ dich+; +Steh’ auf!+ +Wie geht’s?+ +So ist’s recht+; +Geld hab’ ich nicht+.

2. Contractions of prepositions and articles are used =without the Apostrophe=, as: +am+, +beim+, +unterm+, +ans+, +ins+, +zum+.

3. =The Apostrophe is abolished before the inflections indicating the Genitive relation of proper names=, as: +Ciceros Briefe+; +Schillers Gedichte+; +Homers Ilias+; +Fritzens Geburtstag+; +Hamburgs Handel+; +Sophiens Mutter+; +die Einwohner Breslaus+.

4. =Family names, however, terminating in= +=s=+ or +=z=+, =the genitive of which cannot be formed by adding= +=s=+, require an Apostrophe to be placed after them for indicating the Genitive relation, as: +Demosthenes’ Reden+; +Voß’ Luise+.

INDEX

TO THE GRAMMATICAL RULES AND IDIOMATIC RENDERINGS.

A.

=a= or =an= preceded by ‘not’, how to render, S. 126, N. 12. The numeral ‘a’ not translated before hundred or thousand, S. 132, N. 10.

=a great deal=, how to render, S. 65, N. 3 and S. 77, N. 3. =an hour=, how to render, S. 235, N. 10. =a month=, how to render, S. 167, N. 24.

=about=, to be, rendered by +im Begriff sein+ or +wollen+, S. 6, N. 4.

=Abstract nouns=, their formation from Infinitives of verbs, S. 11, N. 7.

=Adjectives.= Used as nouns, S. 34, N. 1. National adjectives require a small initial, S. 101, N. 1. Adjectives and all parts qualifying nouns must be placed before them, S. 128, N. 11. The formation of their superlative used predicatively, S. 120, N. 14.

=Adverbs.= Their position in Imperative clauses, S. 68, N. 2. Must not precede the verb or copula when the subject stands before them, S. 102, N. 30. Formation of the relative superlative of Adverbs, S. 183, N. 24.

=all= in connection with a possess. adj. pron. and a noun in the sing. number, how to render, S. 157, N. 20. All of us (them, you), S. 74, N. 3, how to render.

=Apposition=, the, its agreement, S. 53, N. 9.

=Articles=, the, and other determinative words repeated, S. 10, N. 9. Their position in connection with adjectives and adverbs, S. 28, N. 9. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. Before nouns representing a whole class, and before abstract nouns, S. 3, N. 2. Before nouns of persons preceded by an adjective or a common name, S. 10, N. 2. Used to mark the Gen., Dat., and Acc. of proper names, S. 25, N. 5. Used in stating the price of goods, S. 33, N. 7. Used before objects individualised or singled out, S. 40, N. 9. Used instead of Possess. Adj. Pronouns, S. 43, N. 9, A and B. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. Not expressed before nouns denoting professions, etc., S. 14, N. 2. How to render when preceded by ‘not’, S. 126, N. 12.

=as=, conj., = since, how to render, S. 41, N. 6. = according to, how to render, S. 74, N. 6.

=ask= (to), how to render, S. 132, N. 23.

=at= = at the house of, how to render, S. 153, N. 15. at home, how to render, S. 63, N. 8. at the rate of, how to render, S. 235, N. 9.

=Attributive construction=, S. 7, N. 3; S. 48, N. 6.

+=auf=+, prep., = in, before names of Islands, S. 46, N. 6.

=Auxiliary verbs of tense=, often omitted in subordinate clauses, S. 52, N. 8.

B.

=be=, to, rendered by +müssen+, S. 62, N. 4.

=beginning with=, rendered by +von ... an+, S. 102, N. 4.

+=bleiben=+, conjugated with +sein+, S. 98, N. 5.

=but=, rendered by +sondern+ after a negative, S. 6, N. 10.

=by=, prep., = through, durch, S. 59, N. 13. In connection with the Passive Voice, rendered by +von+, S. 106, N. 23.

=both ... and=, +sowohl ... als auch+, S. 59, N. 11.