V. SEXTUS CLODIUS, a native of Sicily, a professor both of Greek and

Latin eloquence, had bad eyes and a facetious tongue. It was a saying of his, that he lost a pair of eyes from his intimacy with Mark Antony, the triumvir . Of his wife, Fulvia, when there was a swelling in one of her cheeks, he said that “she tempted the point of his style;” nor did Antony think any the worse of him for the joke, but quite enjoyed it; and soon afterwards, when Antony was consul , he even made him a large grant of land, which Cicero charges him with in his Philippics . “You patronize,” he said, “a master of the schools for the sake of his buffoonery, and make a rhetorician one of your pot-companions; allowing him to cut his jokes on any one he pleased; a witty man, no doubt, but it was an easy matter to say smart things of such as you and your companions. But listen, Conscript Fathers, while I tell you what reward was given to this rhetorician, and let the wounds of the republic be laid bare to view. You assigned two thousand acres of the Leontine territory to Sextus Clodius, the rhetorician, and not content with that, exonerated the estate from all taxes. Hear this, and learn from the extravagance of the grant, how little wisdom is displayed in your acts.”

VI. CAIUS ALBUTIUS SILUS, of Novara , while, in the execution (529) of the office of edile in his native place, he was sitting for the administration of justice, was dragged by the feet from the tribunal by some persons against whom he was pronouncing a decree. In great indignation at this usage, he made straight for the gate of the town, and proceeded to Rome. There he was admitted to fellowship, and lodged, with Plancus the orator , whose practice it was, before he made a speech in public, to set up some one to take the contrary side in the argument. The office was undertaken by Albutius with such success, that he silenced Plancus, who did not venture to put himself in competition with him. This bringing him into notice, he collected an audience of his own, and it was his custom to open the question proposed for debate, sitting; but as he warmed with the subject, he stood up, and made his peroration in that posture. His declamations were of different kinds; sometimes brilliant and polished, at others, that they might not be thought to savour too much of the schools, he curtailed them of all ornament, and used only familiar phrases. He also pleaded causes, but rarely, being employed in such as were of the highest importance, and in every case undertaking the peroration only.

In the end, he gave up practising in the forum, partly from shame, partly from fear. For, in a certain trial before the court of the One Hundred , having lashed the defendant as a man void of natural affection for his parents, he called upon him by a bold figure of speech, “to swear by the ashes of his father and mother which lay unburied;” his adversary taking him up for the suggestion, and the judges frowning upon it, he lost his cause, and was much blamed. At another time, on a trial for murder at Milan, before Lucius Piso, the proconsul, having to defend the culprit, he worked himself up to such a pitch of vehemence, that in a crowded court, who loudly applauded him, notwithstanding all the efforts of the lictor to maintain order, he broke out into a lamentation on the miserable state of Italy , then in danger of being again reduced, he said, into (530) the form of a province, and turning to the statue of Marcus Brutus, which stood in the Forum, he invoked him as “the founder and vindicator of the liberties of the people.” For this he narrowly escaped a prosecution. Suffering, at an advanced period of life, from an ulcerated tumour, he returned to Novara, and calling the people together in a public assembly, addressed them in a set speech, of considerable length, explaining the reasons which induced him to put an end to existence: and this he did by abstaining from food.

END OF THE LIVES OF GRAMMARIANS AND RHETORICIANS.

LIVES OF THE POETS.

(531)

THE LIFE OF TERENCE.

Publius Terentius Afer, a native of Carthage, was a slave, at Rome, of the senator Terentius Lucanus, who, struck by his abilities and handsome person, gave him not only a liberal education in his youth, but his freedom when he arrived at years of maturity. Some say that he was a captive taken in war, but this, as Fenestella informs us, could by no means have been the case, since both his birth and death took place in the interval between the termination of the second Punic war and the commencement of the third ; nor, even supposing that he had been taken prisoner by the Numidian or Getulian tribes, could he have fallen into the hands of a Roman general, as there was no commercial intercourse between the Italians and Africans until after the fall of Carthage . Terence lived in great familiarity with many persons of high station, and especially with Scipio Africanus, and Caius Delius, whose favour he is even supposed to have purchased by the foulest means. But Fenestella reverses the charge, contending that Terence was older than either of them. Cornelius Nepos, however, (532) informs us that they were all of nearly equal age; and Porcias intimates a suspicion of this criminal commerce in the following passage:—

“While Terence plays the wanton with the great, and recommends himself to them by the meretricious ornaments of his person; while, with greedy ears, he drinks in the divine melody of Africanus’s voice; while he thinks of being a constant guest at the table of Furius, and the handsome Laelius; while he thinks that he is fondly loved by them, and often invited to Albanum for his youthful beauty, he finds himself stripped of his property, and reduced to the lowest state of indigence. Then, withdrawing from the world, he betook himself to Greece, where he met his end, dying at Strymphalos, a town in Arcadia. What availed him the friendship of Scipio, of Laelius, or of Furius, three of the most affluent nobles of that age? They did not even minister to his necessities so much as to provide him a hired house, to which his slave might return with the intelligence of his master’s death.”

He wrote comedies, the earliest of which, The Andria, having to be performed at the public spectacles given by the aediles , he was commanded to read it first before Caecilius . Having been introduced while Caecilius was at supper, and being meanly dressed, he is reported to have read the beginning of the play seated on a low stool near the great man’s couch. But after reciting a few verses, he was invited to take his place at table, and, having supped with his host, went through the rest to his great delight. This play and five others were received by the public with similar applause, although Volcatius, in his enumeration of them, says that “The Hecyra must not be reckoned among these.”

The Eunuch was even acted twice the same day , and earned more money than any comedy, whoever was the writer, had (533) ever done before, namely, eight thousand sesterces ; besides which, a certain sum accrued to the author for the title. But Varro prefers the opening of The Adelphi to that of Menander. It is very commonly reported that Terence was assisted in his works by Laelius and Scipio , with whom he lived in such great intimacy. He gave some currency to this report himself, nor did he ever attempt to defend himself against it, except in a light way; as in the prologue to The Adelphi:

Nam quod isti dicunt malevoli, homines nohiles Hunc adjutare, assidueque una scribere; Quod illi maledictun vehemens existimant, Eam laudem hic ducit maximam: cum illis placet, Qui vobis universis et populo placent; Quorum opera in bello, in otio, in negotio, Suo quisque tempore usus est sine superbia.

—For this, Which malice tells that certain noble persons Assist the bard, and write in concert with him, That which they deem a heavy slander, he Esteems his greatest praise: that he can please Those who in war, in peace, as counsellors, Have rendered you the dearest services, And ever borne their faculties so meekly. Colman.

He appears to have protested against this imputation with less earnestness, because the notion was far from being disagreeable to Laelius and Scipio. It therefore gained ground, and prevailed in after-times.

Quintus Memmius, in his speech in his own defence, says “Publius Africanus, who borrowed from Terence a character which he had acted in private, brought it on the stage in his name.” Nepos tells us he found in some book that C. Laelius, when he was on some occasion at Puteoli, on the calends [the first] of March, being requested by his wife to rise early, (534) begged her not to suffer him to be disturbed, as he had gone to bed late, having been engaged in writing with more than usual success. On her asking him to tell her what he had been writing, he repeated the verses which are found in the Heautontimoroumenos:

Satis pol proterve me Syri promessa—Heauton. IV. iv. 1. I’faith! the rogue Syrus’s impudent pretences—

Santra is of opinion that if Terence required any assistance in his compositions , he would not have had recourse to Scipio and Laelius, who were then very young men, but rather to Sulpicius Gallus , an accomplished scholar, who had been the first to introduce his plays at the games given by the consuls; or to Q. Fabius Labeo, or Marcus Popilius , both men of consular rank, as well as poets. It was for this reason that, in alluding to the assistance he had received, he did not speak of his coadjutors as very young men, but as persons of whose services the people had full experience in peace, in war, and in the administration of affairs.

After he had given his comedies to the world, at a time when he had not passed his thirty-fifth year, in order to avoid suspicion, as he found others publishing their works under his name, or else to make himself acquainted with the modes of life and habits of the Greeks, for the purpose of exhibiting them in his plays, he withdrew from home, to which he never returned. Volcatius gives this account of his death:

Sed ut Afer sei populo dedit comoedias, Iter hic in Asiam fecit. Navem cum semel Conscendit, visus nunquam est. Sic vita vacat.

(535) When Afer had produced six plays for the entertainment of the people, He embarked for Asia; but from the time he went on board ship He was never seen again. Thus he ended his life.

Q. Consentius reports that he perished at sea on his voyage back from Greece, and that one hundred and eight plays, of which he had made a version from Menander , were lost with him. Others say that he died at Stymphalos, in Arcadia, or in Leucadia, during the consulship of Cn. Cornelius Dolabella and Marcus Fulvius Nobilior , worn out with a severe illness, and with grief and regret for the loss of his baggage, which he had sent forward in a ship that was wrecked, and contained the last new plays he had written.

In person, Terence is reported to have been rather short and slender, with a dark complexion. He had an only daughter, who was afterwards married to a Roman knight; and he left also twenty acres of garden ground , on the Appian Way, at the Villa of Mars. I, therefore, wonder the more how Porcius could have written the verses,

—nihil Publius Scipio profuit, nihil et Laelius, nihil Furius, Tres per idem tempus qui agitabant nobiles facillime. Eorum ille opera ne domum quidem habuit conductitiam Saltem ut esset, quo referret obitum domini servulus.

Afranius places him at the head of all the comic writers, declaring, in his Compitalia,

Terentio non similem dices quempiam. Terence’s equal cannot soon be found.

On the other hand, Volcatius reckons him inferior not only (536) to Naevius, Plautus, and Caecilius, but also to Licinius. Cicero pays him this high compliment, in his Limo—

Tu quoque, qui solus lecto sermone, Terenti, Conversum expressumque Latina voce Menandrum In medio populi sedatis vocibus offers, Quidquid come loquens, ac omnia dulcia dicens.

“You, only, Terence, translated into Latin, and clothed in choice language the plays of Menander, and brought them before the public, who, in crowded audiences, hung upon hushed applause—

Grace marked each line, and every period charmed.”

So also Caius Caesar:

Tu quoque tu in summis, O dimidiate Menander, Poneris, et merito, puri sermonis amator, Lenibus atque utinam scriptis adjuncta foret vis Comica, ut aequato virtus polleret honore Cum Graecis, neque in hoc despectus parte jaceres! Unum hoc maceror, et doleo tibi deesse, Terenti.

“You, too, who divide your honours with Menander, will take your place among poets of the highest order, and justly too, such is the purity of your style. Would only that to your graceful diction was added more comic force, that your works might equal in merit the Greek masterpieces, and your inferiority in this particular should not expose you to censure. This is my only regret; in this, Terence, I grieve to say you are wanting.”

THE LIFE OF JUVENAL.

D. JUNIUS JUVENALIS, who was either the son of a wealthy freedman, or brought up by him, it is not known which, declaimed till the middle of life , more from the bent of his inclination, than from any desire to prepare himself either for the schools or the forum. But having composed a short satire , which was clever enough, on Paris , the actor of pantomimes, (537) and also on the poet of Claudius Nero, who was puffed up by having held some inferior military rank for six months only; he afterwards devoted himself with much zeal to that style of writing. For a while indeed, he had not the courage to read them even to a small circle of auditors, but it was not long before he recited his satires to crowded audiences, and with entire success; and this he did twice or thrice, inserting new lines among those which he had originally composed.

Quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio, tu Camerinos, Et Bareas, tu nobilium magna atria curas. Praefectos Pelopea facit, Philomela tribunos.

Behold an actor’s patronage affords A surer means of rising than a lord’s! And wilt thou still the Camerino’s court, Or to the halls of Bareas resort, When tribunes Pelopea can create And Philomela praefects, who shall rule the state?

At that time the player was in high favour at court, and many of those who fawned upon him were daily raised to posts of honour. Juvenal therefore incurred the suspicion of having covertly satirized occurrences which were then passing, and, although eighty years old at that time , he was immediately removed from the city, being sent into honourable banishment as praefect of a cohort, which was under orders to proceed to a station at the extreme frontier of Egypt . That (538) sort of punishment was selected, as it appeared severe enough for an offence which was venial, and a mere piece of drollery. However, he died very soon afterwards, worn down by grief, and weary of his life.

THE LIFE OF PERSIUS.

AULUS PERSIUS FLACCUS was born the day before the Nones of December [4th Dec.] , in the consulship of Fabius Persicus and L. Vitellius. He died on the eighth of the calends of December [24th Nov.] in the consulship of Rubrius Marius and Asinius Gallus. Though born at Volterra, in Etruria, he was a Roman knight, allied both by blood and marriage to persons of the highest rank . He ended his days at an estate he had at the eighth milestone on the Appian Way. His father, Flaccus, who died when he was barely six years old, left him under the care of guardians, and his mother, Fulvia Silenna, who afterwards married Fusius, a Roman knight, buried him also in a very few years. Persius Flaccus pursued his studies at Volterra till he was twelve years old, and then continued them at Rome, under Remmius Palaemon, the grammarian, and Verginius Flaccus, the rhetorician. Arriving at the age of twenty-one, he formed a friendship with Annaeus Cornutus , which lasted through life; and from him he learned the rudiments of philosophy. Among his earliest friends were Caesius Bassus , and Calpurnius Statura; the latter of whom died while Persius himself was yet in his youth. Servilius (539) Numanus , he reverenced as a father. Through Cornutus he was introduced to Annaeus, as well as to Lucan, who was of his own age, and also a disciple of Cornutus. At that time Cornutus was a tragic writer; he belonged to the sect of the Stoics, and left behind him some philosophical works. Lucan was so delighted with the writings of Persius Flaccus, that he could scarcely refrain from giving loud tokens of applause while the author was reciting them, and declared that they had the true spirit of poetry. It was late before Persius made the acquaintance of Seneca, and then he was not much struck with his natural endowments. At the house of Cornutus he enjoyed the society of two very learned and excellent men, who were then zealously devoting themselves to philosophical enquiries, namely, Claudius Agaternus, a physician from Lacedaemon, and Petronius Aristocrates, of Magnesia, men whom he held in the highest esteem, and with whom he vied in their studies, as they were of his own age, being younger than Cornutus. During nearly the last ten years of his life he was much beloved by Thraseas, so that he sometimes travelled abroad in his company; and his cousin Arria was married to him.

Persius was remarkable for gentle manners, for a modesty amounting to bashfulness, a handsome form, and an attachment to his mother, sister, and aunt, which was most exemplary. He was frugal and chaste. He left his mother and sister twenty thousand sesterces, requesting his mother, in a written codicil, to present to Cornutus, as some say, one hundred sesterces, or as others, twenty pounds of wrought silver , besides about seven hundred books, which, indeed, included his whole library. Cornutus, however, would only take the books, and gave up the legacy to the sisters, whom his brother had constituted his heirs.

He wrote seldom, and not very fast; even the work we possess he left incomplete. Some verses are wanting at the end of the book , but Cornutus thoughtlessly recited it, as if (540) it was finished; and on Caesius Bassus requesting to be allowed to publish it, he delivered it to him for that purpose., In his younger days, Persius had written a play, as well as an Itinerary, with several copies of verses on Thraseas’ father-in-law, and Arria’s mother, who had made away with herself before her husband. But Cornutus used his whole influence with the mother of Persius to prevail upon her to destroy these compositions. As soon as his book of Satires was published, all the world began to admire it, and were eager to buy it up. He died of a disease in the stomach, in the thirtieth year of his age . But no sooner had he left school and his masters, than he set to work with great vehemence to compose satires, from having read the tenth book of Lucilius; and made the beginning of that book his model; presently launching his invectives all around with so little scruple, that he did not spare cotemporary poets and orators, and even lashed Nero himself, who was then the reigning prince. The verse ran as follows:

Auriculas asini Mida rex habet; King Midas has an ass’s ears;

but Cornutus altered it thus;

Auriculas asini quis non hahet? Who has not an ass’s ears?

in order that it might not be supposed that it was meant to apply to Nero.

THE LIFE OF HORACE.

HORATIUS FLACCUS was a native of Venusium , his father having been, by his own account , a freedman and collector of taxes, but, as it is generally believed, a dealer in salted (541) provisions; for some one with whom Horace had a quarrel, jeered him, by saying; “How often have I seen your father wiping his nose with his fist?” In the battle of Philippi, he served as a military tribune , which post he filled at the instance of Marcus Brutus , the general; and having obtained a pardon, on the overthrow of his party, he purchased the office of scribe to a quaestor. Afterwards insinuating himself first, into the good graces of Mecaenas, and then of Augustus, he secured no small share in the regard of both. And first, how much Mecaenas loved him may be seen by the epigram in which he says:

Ni te visceribus meis, Horati, Plus jam diligo, Titium sodalem, Ginno tu videas strigosiorem.

But it was more strongly exhibited by Augustus, in a short sentence uttered in his last moments: “Be as mindful of Horatius Flaccus as you are of me!” Augustus offered to appoint him his secretary, signifying his wishes to Mecaenas in a letter to the following effect: “Hitherto I have been able to write my own epistles to friends; but now I am too much occupied, and in an infirm state of health. I wish, therefore, to deprive you of our Horace: let him leave, therefore, your luxurious table and come to the palace, and he shall assist me in writing my letters.” And upon his refusing to accept the office, he neither exhibited the smallest displeasure, nor ceased to heap upon him tokens of his regard. Letters of his are extant, from which I will make some short extracts to establish this: “Use your influence over me with the same freedom as you would do if we were living together as friends. In so doing you will be perfectly right, and guilty of no impropriety; for I could wish that our intercourse should be on that footing, if your health admitted of it.” And again: “How I hold you in memory you may learn (542) from our friend Septimius , for I happened to mention you when he was present. And if you are so proud as to scorn my friendship, that is no reason why I should lightly esteem yours, in return.” Besides this, among other drolleries, he often called him, “his most immaculate penis,” and “his charming little man,” and loaded him from time to time with proofs of his munificence. He admired his works so much, and was so convinced of their enduring fame, that he directed him to compose the Secular Poem, as well as that on the victory of his stepsons Tiberius and Drusus over the Vindelici ; and for this purpose urged him to add, after a long interval, a fourth book of Odes to the former three. After reading his “Sermones,” in which he found no mention of himself, he complained in these terms: “You must know that I am very angry with you, because in most of your works of this description you do not choose to address yourself to me. Are you afraid that, in times to come, your reputation will suffer; in case it should appear that you lived on terms of intimate friendship with me?” And he wrung from him the eulogy which begins with,

Cum tot sustineas, et tanta negotia solus: Res Italas armis tuteris, moribus ornes, Legibus emendes: in publica commoda peccem, Si longo sermone morer tua tempora, Caesar.—Epist. ii. i.

While you alone sustain the important weight Of Rome’s affairs, so various and so great; While you the public weal with arms defend, Adorn with morals, and with laws amend; Shall not the tedious letter prove a crime, That steals one moment of our Caesar’s time.—Francis.

In person, Horace was short and fat, as he is described by himself in his Satires , and by Augustus in the following letter: “Dionysius has brought me your small volume, which, little as it is, not to blame you for that, I shall judge favourably. You seem to me, however, to be afraid lest your volumes should be bigger than yourself. But if you are short in stature, you are corpulent enough. You may, therefore, (543) if you will, write in a quart, when the size of your volume is as large round as your paunch.”

It is reported that he was immoderately addicted to venery. [For he is said to have had obscene pictures so disposed in a bedchamber lined with mirrors, that, whichever way he looked, lascivious images might present themselves to his view.] He lived for the most part in the retirement of his farm , on the confines of the Sabine and Tiburtine territories, and his house is shewn in the neighbourhood of a little wood not far from Tibur. Some Elegies ascribed to him, and a prose Epistle apparently written to commend himself to Mecaenas, have been handed down to us; but I believe that neither of them are genuine works of his; for the Elegies are commonplace, and the Epistle is wanting in perspicuity, a fault which cannot be imputed to his style. He was born on the sixth of the ides of December [27th December], in the consulship of Lucius Cotta and Lucius Torquatus; and died on the fifth of the calends of December [27th November], in the consulship of Caius Marcius Censorinus and Caius Asinius Gallus ; having completed his fifty-ninth year. He made a nuncupatory will, declaring Augustus his heir, not being able, from the violence of his disorder, to sign one in due form. He was interred and lies buried on the skirts of the Esquiline Hill, near the tomb of Mecaenas.

(544) M. ANNAEUS LUCANUS, a native of Corduba , first tried the powers of his genius in an encomium on Nero, at the Quinquennial games. He afterwards recited his poem on the Civil War carried on between Pompey and Caesar. His vanity was so immense, and he gave such liberty to his tongue, that in some preface, comparing his age and his first efforts with those of Virgil, he had the assurance to say: “And what now remains for me is to deal with a gnat.” In his early youth, after being long informed of the sort of life his father led in the country, in consequence of an unhappy marriage , he was recalled from Athens by Nero, who admitted him into the circle of his friends, and even gave him the honour of the quaestorship; but he did not long remain in favour. Smarting at this, and having publicly stated that Nero had withdrawn, all of a sudden, without communicating with the senate, and without any other motive than his own recreation, after this he did not cease to assail the emperor both with foul words and with acts which are still notorious. So that on one occasion, when easing his bowels in the common privy, there being a louder explosion than usual, he gave vent to the nemistych of Nero: “One would suppose it was thundering under ground,” in the hearing of those who were sitting there for the same purpose, and who took to their heels in much consternation . In a poem also, which was in every one’s hands, he severely lashed both the emperor and his most powerful adherents.

At length, he became nearly the most active leader in Piso’s conspiracy ; and while he dwelt without reserve in many quarters on the glory of those who dipped their hands in the (545) blood of tyrants, he launched out into open threats of violence, and carried them so far as to boast that he would cast the emperor’s head at the feet of his neighbours. When, however, the plot was discovered, he did not exhibit any firmness of mind. A confession was wrung from him without much difficulty; and, humbling himself to the most abject entreaties, he even named his innocent mother as one of the conspirators ; hoping that his want of natural affection would give him favour in the eyes of a parricidal prince. Having obtained permission to choose his mode of death , he wrote notes to his father, containing corrections of some of his verses, and, having made a full meal, allowed a physician to open the veins in his arm . I have also heard it said that his poems were offered for sale, and commented upon, not only with care and diligence, but also in a trifling way.

THE LIFE OF PLINY.

PLINIUS SECUNDUS, a native of New Como , having served in (546) the wars with strict attention to his duties, in the rank of a knight, distinguished himself, also, by the great integrity with which he administered the high functions of procurator for a long period in the several provinces intrusted to his charge. But still he devoted so much attention to literary pursuits, that it would not have been an easy matter for a person who enjoyed entire leisure to have written more than he did. He comprised, in twenty volumes, an account of all the various wars carried on in successive periods with the German tribes. Besides this, he wrote a Natural History, which extended to seven books. He fell a victim to the calamitous event which occurred in Campania. For, having the command of the fleet at Misenum, when Vesuvius was throwing up a fiery eruption, he put to sea with his gallies for the purpose of exploring the causes of the phenomenon close on the spot . But being prevented by contrary winds from sailing back, he was suffocated in the dense cloud of dust and ashes. Some, however, think that he was killed by his slave, having implored him to put an end to his sufferings, when he was reduced to the last extremity by the fervent heat.

THE END OF LIVES OF THE POETS.

FOOTNOTES

Most probably Antony knew the imputation to be unfounded, and made it for the purpose of excusing his own marriage with Cleopatra.]

Nunc licet Esquiliis habitore salubribus.—Hor. Sat. i. 3, 14.]

The vineyards lay at the foot of the Rhaetian Alps; their produce, we have reason to believe, was not a very generous liquor.]

And by his side Ascanius took his place, The second hope of Rome’s immortal race.]

Cicero, at the time when he could have heard a specimen of Virgil’s Eclogues, must have been near his grand climacteric; besides that, his virtues and talents had long been conspicuous, and were past the state of hope. It is probable, therefore, that altera referred to some third person, spoken of immediately before, as one who promised to do honour to his country. It might refer to Octavius, of whom Cicero at this time, entertained a high opinion; or it may have been spoken in an absolute manner, without reference to any person.]

To mark the different gentes and familiae, and to distinguish the individuals of the same family, the Romans had commonly three names, the Praenomen, Nomen, and Cognomen. The praenomen was put first, and marked the individual. It was usually written with one letter; as A. for Aulus; C. Caius; D. Decimus: sometimes with two letters; as Ap. for Appius; Cn. Cneius; and sometimes with three; as Mam. for Mamercus.]

The Nomen was put after the Praenomen, and marked the gens. It commonly ended in ius; as Julius, Tullius, Cornelius. The Cognomen was put last, and marked the familia; as Cicero, Caesar, etc.]

Some gentes appear to have had no surname, as the Marian; and gens and familia seem sometimes to be put one for the other; as the Fabia gens, or Fabia familia.]

Sometimes there was a fourth name, properly called the Agnomen, but sometimes likewise Cognomen, which was added on account of some illustrious action or remarkable event. Thus Scipio was named Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, from the conquest of Carthage. In the same manner, his brother was called Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus. Thus also, Quintus Fabius Maximus received the Agnomen of Cunctator, from his checking the victorious career of Hannibal by avoiding a battle.]

The Flaminian Circus was without the city walls, in the Campus Martius. The Roman college now stands on its site.]

Tacitus also describes the excruciating torments inflicted on the Roman Christians by Nero. He says that they were subjected to the derision of the people; dressed in the skins of wild beasts, and exposed to be torn to pieces by dogs in the public games, that they were crucified, or condemned to be burnt; and at night-fall served in place of lamps to lighten the darkness, Nero’s own gardens being used for the spectacle. Annal. xv. 44.

Traditions of the church place the martyrdoms of SS. Peter and Paul at Rome, under the reign of Nero. The legends are given by Ordericus Vitalis. See vol. i. of the edition in the Antiq. Lib. pp. 206, etc., with the notes and reference to the apocryphal works on which they are founded.]

Not to extend the present note, we may shortly refer to our author’s having already mentioned his grandfather (CALIGULA, c. xix.); besides other sources from which he drew his information. He tells us that he himself was then a boy. We have now arrived at the times in which his father bore a part. Such incidental notices, dropped by historical writers, have a certain value in enabling us to form a judgment on the genuineness of their narratives as to contemporaneous, or recent, events.]

Valerius Flaccus, i. 8, and Silius Italicus, iii. 598, celebrate the triumphs of Vespasian in Britain. In representing him, however, as carrying his arms among the Caledonian tribes, their flattery transferred to the emperor the glory of the victories gained by his lieutenant, Agricola. Vespasian’s own conquests, while he served in Britain, were principally in the territories of the Brigantes, lying north of the Humber, and including the present counties of York and Durham.]

INDEX.

Acilius, C., his heroic conduct in a sea-fight, 42. Acte, a concubine of Nero, 357. Actium, battle of, 81, 82. Agrippa, M., his naval victory, 80; presented with a banner, 88; his buildings, 93; aqueducts, 104; grandson of Augustus, 118; his character, ib. 119; adopted, 203; banished, 204; murdered, 208. Agrippina, daughter of M. Agrippa and Livia, 254; marries Germanicus, 118; banished by Tiberius, 225; birth of Caligula, 255; daughter of Germanicus, Claudius marries her, 320, 327; suspected of poisoning him, 331; her character, 335. Alban Mount, 276, 298, and note; festival on, 482. Albula, the warm springs at, 131. Albutius, Silus, an orator, 528. Alexander the Great, J. Caesar’s model, 5; his sarcophagus opened for Augustus, 82. Alexandria, museum at, 330; library at, 496, note; the key of Egypt, 449; Vespasian’s miracles there, 450, and note. Amphitheatres; of Statilius Taurus, 93; description of, 262, note; the Castrensis, 265 and note; the Colosseum, 453 and note. Andronicus, M. P. a scholar, 515. Antony, Mark, at Caesar’s funeral, 53; triumvir with Octavius and Lepidus, 75; opposes Octavius, 76; defeated by him, 77; their new alliance, ib.; dissolved, 80; defeat at Actium, 81; flies to Cleopatra, ib.; kills himself, ib. Anticyra, island of, 272 and note. Antium, the Apollo Belvidere found there, 217 note; preferred by Caligula, 256; colony settled at, 343 and note. Antonius, Lucius, brother of Mark, war with, 76; forced to surrender, 78. —, Musa, Augustus’s physician, 116. Antonia, grandmother of Caligula, 267, 272. Apollonius of Rhodes, 4. Apple, the Matian, 496. Apomus, fountain of, 203. Apotheosis, J. Caesar, 1, note; and 55. Apicius, his works, 249. Aqueduct of the Anio, 265 and note, 314. Arch of Claudius, 303; of Titus, 467 note. Aricia, grove of, 81; a town near Rome, 73. Arles, a Roman colony, 195. Asinius Pollio, the orator, 304. — Gallius, his son, ib.; 329. Atteius, the philologer, 513. — Capito, jurisconsult, 521. Atticus, the friend of Cicero, 517 and note. August, name of the month Sextilis changed to, 95. AUGUSTUS CAESAR, his descent, 71; birth, 73; infancy and youth, 74; civil wars, 76; battle of Philippi, 77; takes Perugia, 79; naval war with Pompey, 80; battle of Actium, 81; forces Antony to kill himself, ib.; and Cleopatra, ib.; foreign wars, 83; triumphs, 85; conduct as a general, 86; in civil affairs, 88-90; in improving the city, 90-94; in religious matters, 95; in administering justice, 96, 97; purifies the senate, 98; scrutiny of the knights, 102; his munificence, 104; public spectacles, 105-108; colonies, 109; the provinces, ib.; distribution of the army, 110; his clemency, 111; moderation, 112, 113; honours paid him, 114-116; his wives and family, 117-119; friendships, 120; aspersions on his character, 121-124; his domestic life, 125-129; person and health, 129-131; literary pursuits, 132-135; regard for religion and omens, 136-142; his last illness and death, 143-145; his funeral and will, 146-147; remarks on his life and times, 148-191. Aulus Plautius commands in Britain, 309 and note, 444; his ovation, 316.

Baiae, Julian harbour formed at, 79; frequented by Augustus, 126. Basilicas, the, 7 and note. Basilides, an Egyptian priest, 447 note; appears to Vespasian, 450. Baths of Nero, 345 and note; of Titus, 470 and note. Beccus, a general in Gaul, 439 and note. Bedriacum, battle of, 423, 433, 447. Berenice, queen, attachment of Titus to her, 469 and note. Berytus, now Beyrout, 522. Bibaculus, a poet, 507 note. Bibulus, M., edile, 6 and note; consul with J. Caesar, 12; lampoon on, 13. Bithynia, J. Caesar sent there, 2. Britain, invaded by Julius Caesar, 17; reconnoitred first, 38; Caligula’s intended expedition, 282 and note; that of Claudius, 308, 309; Nero proposes to abandon, 848; revolt there, 368 and note. Britannicus, son of Claudius, 320; his regard for him, 330; educated with Titus, 405; poisoned, ib.; honours paid him by Titus, ib. Brutus and Cassius conspire against Julius Caesar, 49; they assassinate him, 51; his dying apostrophe to Brutus, 52 and note; their fate, 55 and 78. Bulla, the, worn by youths, 54 and note.

Caenis, concubine of Vespasian, 443; Domitian’s conduct to, 490. Caesonia, Caligula’s mistress and wife, 269; threatened by him, 275; slain, 291. Caesario, son of Cleopatra by Caesar, 82. Caius and Lucius, grandsons of Augustus, 89; their death, 118. Caius Caesar, 74. See CALIGULA. Calendar, the, corrected by Julius Caesar, 27 and note; by Augustus, 95. CALIGULA, his birth, 254; origin of his name, 256; in Germany and Syria, ib.; with Tiberius at Capri, 257; suspected of murdering him, 258; succeeds him, ib.; his popularity, 259; honours to Germanicus and his family, 260; his just administration, 261; consulships, 262; public spectacles, 263; public works, 264; affects royalty, 266; and divinity, ib.; treatment of his female relatives, 267, 268; of his wives and mistresses, 269; of his friends, ib.; of the magistrates, 270; his cruelties, 271-274; discourages learning, 275; disgraces men of rank, 276; his unnatural lusts, 277; exhausts the treasury, 278; his rapacity, 279; his new taxes, 280; expedition to Germany, 281; bravado against Britain, 283 and note; his triumph, 284; his person and constitution, 285; style of dress, 286; personal accomplishments, 287, 288; his favourite horse, 289; conspiracies against him, ib.; omens of his fate, 290; he is assassinated, 291. Calpurnia, wife of J. Caesar, 14. Capitol, the, burnt by Vitellius, 438; rebuilt by Vespasian, 452; rebuilt by Domitian, 483. Capri, island of, exchanged for Ischia, 137; Augustus visits it, 143; Tiberius retires there, 217; his debaucheries there, 219-220. Carinae, a street in Rome, 203. Carmel, Mount, Vespasian sacrifices at, 447 and note. Caractacus, 309 note; 334. Cassius. See Brutus. — Chaerea, the assassin of Caligula, 289-291. Caspian Mountains, pass through, 349 and note. Catiline’s conspiracy, 9, 11. Cato, M., infuses vigour into the senate, 9; yields to political expediency, 12 and note; dragged to prison from the senate, 14; threatens to impeach J. Caesar, 21. Catullus, remarks on his works, 67-69. Celsus, the physician, his works, 249. Censor, office of, 100 and note. Census taken, how, 102. Chrestus said to make tumults at Rome, 318. Christians, confounded with the Jews, 215 note; accused of sedition, 318 and note; cruelties of Nero to, 347; poll tax on, 489 note. Cicero, M. T., his opinion of J. Caesar, 7 and 21; appealed to by him, 11; commends Caesar’s oratory, 35; remarks on the works of, 60-65; dream of, 140. Cinna, Cornelius Helvius, a poet, 517 and note. Circensian games, description of, 26 and note, 27. Circeii, near Antium, 236. Circus, Flaminian, 310 note; Maximus, 355 and note. Civic crown, description of, 3. Claudii, family of the, 192-194. CLAUDIUS, his birth, 296; childhood and education, 297; Augustus’s opinion of him, 298; fills public offices, 300; held in contempt, 301; unexpected elevation, ib.; elected by the praetorian guard, 302; honours to the family of Augustus, 303; his moderation, ib.; conspiracies against him, 304; conduct as consul and judge, 305, 306; as censor, 307; expedition to Britain, 309; his triumph, 310; care of the city and people, ib.; his public works, 311; public spectacles, 312, 313; civil and religious administration, 314, 315; military, 316, 317; banishes the Jews and Christians, 318 and note; his marriages, 319; children, 320; his freedmen and favourites, 321; governed by them and his wives, ib.; his person, 322; his entertainments, 323; cruelty, 324; fear and distrust, 325, 326; affects literature, 328, 329; death by poison, 330; omens previously, 331. Clemens. See Flavius. Cleopatra has Egypt confirmed to her by J. Caesar, 24; intrigues with him, 34; has a son by him, ib.; flies with Mark Antony, 81; kills herself, 82; her children by Antony, ib. and 81. Coins of Caligula, 37; of Vespasian, 467. Cologne, founded by Agrippina, 434 and note. Colonies at Como, 19; foreign, 29. Colosseum, the, begun by Vespasian, 453; finished by Titus, 470 and note. Commentaries, Caesar’s, 36, 37. Comet before Nero’s death, 366. Comitium, the, embellished, 7 and note. Como, colony settled there, 19 and note. Compitalian festival, flowers used at 96, and note. Confluentes, Coblentz, 250. Cordus Cremutius, a historian, 99. Cornelia, Julius Caesar’s wife, 2; her death, 5. Corinth. See Isthmus of. Cornelius Nepos, account of, 101. Cotiso, king of the Getae, 117 and note. Cottius, his dominions in the Alps, 216, 349. Crassus, aspires to be dictator, 6; his conspiracies, 6 and 7; becomes security for Julius Caesar, 11 note; reconciled to Pompey, 12. Crates, a grammarian, 504. Cunobeline and his son, 282; defeated by Aulus Plautius, 309 and note. Curtius Nicia, a scholar, 517. Curule chair, 89; description of, note ib. Cybele, rites of, 121 and note, 194.

Date-trees, introduction of, 493 and note. Dolabella, P., loses a fleet, 24; inveighs against J. Caesar, 32; prosecuted by Caesar, 35. Domitia, wife of Domitian, 480; intrigues with Paris, 481; denies intrigue with Titus, 473; plots Domitian’s death, 491. DOMITIAN, his birth, 479; his youth infamous, ib.; escapes from Vitellius, ib.; assumes power in Rome, 480; governs despotically, ib.; under Vespasian amused himself with poetry, ib.; plots against Titus, ib.; succeeds him, 481; his wife Domitia, 480, 481; gives costly spectacles, ib. 482; his public buildings, 483; expeditions, ib.; his administration, 484; of justice, 485; his cruelties, 487, 488; extortions, 489; poll-tax on the Jews, ib.; his arrogance, 490; conspiracy against him, 481; alarms and omens, 492, 493; his assassination, 494; his person and habits, 496; lewd conduct, 497; he is lamented only by the soldiers, 497. Domitii, family of, 337-339. Domitilla, wife of Flavius Clemens, 494 note. Druids, religion of, suppressed by Claudius, 318. Drusilla, sister of Caligula, 268. —, wife of Felix, 321 and note. Drusus, brother of Tiberius, 196; his death, 198. —, Tiberius’s son, 197, 203; his death, 217, 224, 230; son of Germanicus, starved, 226; father of Claudius, 295; died in Germany, ib.; his character, 296. Dyracchium, Cn. Pompey blockaded there, 23, 40.

Eagles, the standards, of the legions, 39, 259 and note. East, the, prophecy of a Ruler from, 445 and note. Egypt confirmed to Cleopatra, 24; supplies Rome with corn, 82; made a province, ib. Emperor, the title of, 46 note. Ennius, account of, 506, 507. Epicadius completes Sylla’s Commentaries, 516. Epidius, C., teaches rhetoric, 527. Equestrian order, scrutiny of, 98, 102: procession of, 101 and note; review of, 261; purified by Vespasian, 453. Eratosthenes, the philosopher, 514. Esseda, a light British car, 264 and note.

Family names and cognomena, 192 note. Felix, governor of Judaea, 321; his wives, ib. Flaccus, C. Valerius, a poet, 463. Flamen Dialis, high-priest of Jupiter, 1 note. Flavian family, account of, 441; temple of, 495. Flavia Domitilla, wife of Vespasian, 443. Flavius Clemens, Domitian’s cousin, 492; put to death, ib. and note, 494. — Sabinus, Vespasian’s brother, 437; retreats to the capitol, 438; buried there, ib. Forum, the Roman, 7; of Julius Caesar, 18; of Augustus, 92, 113; of Nerva, 483. Fruits, foreign, introduced at Rome, 493 note. Fucine lake, drainage of, projected by J. Caesar, 30; emissary of, 311, 314.

GALBA, not allied to the Caesars, 400; his descent, 401; birth, 402; studies the law, 403; courted by Agrippina, ib.; a favourite of Livia, ib.; proctor and consul, 404; commands in Gaul, ib.; in Africa, 405; in Spain, 406; on Nero’s death assumes the title of Caesar, 408; marches to Rome, 409; his severity, 410; becomes hateful to the people, 411; and the troops, ib.; omens against him, 412; the praetorian revolt, 413; he is slain, ib.; his person and habits, 414. Callus, Cornelius, prefect of Egypt, 120; friend of Augustus, ib.; his eclogues, 188; patron of Caecilius, a man of letters, 518. —, L. Plotius, a rhetorician, 526. Gaul, J. Caesar goes there as proconsul, 15; division of the provinces, ib. note; he levies troops in, 16; his conquests in, 17. Germanicus marries Agrippina, 118; adopted by Tiberius, 203, 251; his triumph, ib.; his death, 217, 224, 251; his sons, 225; his character, 252; grief for, 253. German tribes, defeated by J. Caesar, 17; they defeat Varus, 86; Caligula’s expedition against, 281, 282. Gessoriacum, Boulogne, 283, 309. Gladiators, combats of, exhibited by Julius, 8, 19, 25; first introduced at Rome, 25 note; shown by Caligula, 262; by Domitian, 481. Gnipho, M. A., a grammarian, 511-513. Golden House, the, of Nero, 359. Grammar, science of, 506. Grammarians, what, 509. Guards, the Spanish, 100; the German, ib.; disbanded by Galba, 409. See Praetorian.

Helvidius Priscus, a philosopher, 455. Hirtius and Pansa, consuls, 76; defeated and slain, 77. Horace, his life and works, 173-177, 642-545. Horse, Caligula’s favourite, 289; proposes to make him consul, ib. Hyginus, Palatine librarian, 520; his works, 249.

Illyricum, conquered, 204. Intramural interments at Rome, forbidden, 192 note. Isthmus of Corinth, canal through, 265, 349.

Jerusalem taken by Titus, 467 and note. Jews, rites of suppressed by Tiberius, 215; expelled from Rome by Claudius, 318; revolt of, 445; Vespasian’s triumph over, 449, 454; fate of their sacred vessels, 449 note; figured on the arch of Titus, 467 note; poll-tax on the, 489. Josephus the historian, taken prisoner by Vespasian, 447; predicts his elevation, ib. Journals of the proceedings of the senate published by J. Caesar, 13; includes speeches, trials, births, deaths, etc., ib.; discontinued by Augustus, 261; revived by Caligula, ib. Julia, daughter of Julius Caesar, 2; married to Ca. Pompey, 4; her death, 17. —, daughter of Augustus, married to Marcellus, 117; to Agrippa, ib.; to Tiberius, ib. and 197; their children, 118; banished, 119. —, granddaughter of Augustus, married to Lucius Paulus, 118; banished, ib. JULIUS CAESAR, marries Cornelia, 1; serves in Asia, 2; fills public offices, 4; commands in Spain, 5; joins Sylla and Crassus, 6; his public buildings, 7; chosen consul, 12; marries Calpurnia, 14; alliance with Pompey, ib. 15; has the province of Gaul, 15; invades Britain, 17; affects popularity and is lavish of money, 18; resolves on war, 20; crosses the Rubicon, 22; marches to Rome, 23; defeats Pompey at Pharsalia, ib.; his triumphs, 24; his public spectacles, 25; corrects the calendar, 27; his civil administration, 28, 29; projected works, 30; person and dress, ib.; his character, scandals on, 32-34; his extortions, 35; as an orator, ib.; as a writer, 36, 37; as a general, 38-43; as an advocate and friend, 43-44; his good qualities, 45; his abuse of power, 46, 47; conspiracy against him, 48-50; his assassination, 51; his will, 52; funeral, 53; apotheosis, 55. Juvenal, account of, and works, 499, 500; life of, 536.

Laberius Hiera, a grammarian, 516. “Latus Clavus,” what, 31. Laurel grove of the Caesars, 400 and note. Lenaeus, a school master, 507. Lepidus, master of the horse to Julius Caesar, 52; one of the triumviri, 75; the confederacy renewed, 77; banished, 80; his death, 95. Libraries, public, one projected by J. Caesar, 80; the Palatine, formed by Augustus, 92; of Alexandria, 496; of the portico of Octavia, 520. Lictors, attend the consuls, 13 and note. Liveries, colours of the imperial, 490, note. Livia Drusilla, wife of Augustus, 117, 295; mother of Tiberius, 202; his treatment of her, 222, 223; her death, 224; divine honours decreed to, 303. — Ocellina, mother of Galba, 402. Livius Andronicus, account of, 506. — Titus, remarks on his History, 161-165. Lollius, governor of Agrippa, 201, 202. Lucan, remarks on, 396, 397; life of, 544. Lucius Aevius, a grammarian, 508. — Crassitius, schoolmaster and philosopher, 519. — Vettius, an informer, 11, 14. Lucretius, remarks on his works, 69. Lupercalia, feast of, 48, and note; and 96.

Marcellus, M. Pomponius, a critic, 523. Marius, C., his trophies restored, 8. Martial, account and works of, 503-505. Marmillo, a kind of gladiator, 288, 487. Mausoleum of Augustus, 259. Mecaenas, Augustus complains of, 120; his house and gardens on the Esquiline, 125, 203; his character, 153; patronizes Horace, 173, 541. Melissus, Caius, librarian and friend of Mecaenas, 520. Messalina, wife of Claudius, 319; put to death, ib.; her character, 335. Misenum, a naval station, 110; Tiberius sails there, 236. Mithridates revolts, 4. Mitylene taken by storm, 3. Money-lenders, lampoon on Augustus for his father’s being one, 123; note on ib.; and 340. Mount Aetna, 286. — Vesuvius, eruption of, 471, 548. Muraena, conspiracy of, 83, 114, 120.

Naevius, his Punic war, 509. Naples, a Greek colony, 303, note. Narbonne, a Roman-colony, 195. Narcissus, a freedman of Claudius, 321, 326. Naumachia, of Julius, 27; of Augustus, 105; Nero, 344; Titus, 470; of Domitian, 482; erected by him, 483. Nemi, lake of, 276, note. NERE, his descent, 337-339; birth, 340; youth, 341; succeeds Claudius, 342; begins his reign well, 343; gives spectacles and largesses, 344, 345; receives king Tiridates, 346; administration of justice, ib.; his public buildings, 347; cruelties to the Christians, ib., and note; undertakes no foreign wars, 348; appears on the stage, as a singer, at Naples, 350; at Rome, 351; as a charioteer, 352; in Greece, 353; triumphal return, 354; his revels and vices, 356; foul debaucheries, 357; prodigality, 358; his Golden House, 359; other works, 360; extortions, ib., 361; his murders: Britannicus, 362; his mother, 363; his remorse, 364; marries Poppaea Sabina, ib.; Messalina, ib.; his butcheries, 365, 366; sets fire to Rome, 367; sings whilst it is burning, ib.; disasters in Britain, 368; and in the East, 369; lampoons on him, ib.; revolt of Vindex, in Gaul, 370; appeals to the senate, 371; Galba declares against him in Spain, 372; proposes to march against Vindex, 373; his perplexities, 375; escapes from Rome, 376; kills himself, 378; his person, 379; accomplishments, 380; religious sentiments, 381. Nicomedes, king of Bethynia, Julius Caesar at his court, 2; scandals respecting them, ib., and 32, 33. Nola, Augustus dies there, 145; him temple there, 217.

Obelisks, Egyptian, 312, and note. Octacilius, L. Pilitus, instructs Pompey the Great, 627. Octavii, the family of, 71. Octavius, Caius, father of Augustus, 72. Odeum, erected by Domitian, 483. Oppius Cares writes on forest trees, 509, note. Opilius, Aurelius, a grammarian, 510. Orbilius Pupillus, a schoolmaster, 512. Organ, the Hydraulic, 37, and note. Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, 200, and note; harbour formed, 311. OTHO, his ancestors, 416; his birth, 417; gets into Nero’s favour, ib.; marries Poppaea pro forma, 418; sent into Spain, ib.; joins Galba, ib.; practises against him, 419; chosen emperor by the pretorians, 420; and Vitellius, by the German army, 421; he marches against them, 422; his troops defeated at Bedriacum, 423; makes no further resistance, 424; calmly puts an end to his life, 425; his person and habits, ib.; devotion of his soldiers, 426. Ovation, description of, 85, note. Ovid, on his life and writings, 177-185. Oxheads, a street in Rome, 73.

Palatine Hill, 73, and notes; Augustus’s house there, 125; enlarged by Caligula, 266, 267; the Golden House added by Nero, 359, 369; Tiberius’s house, 438. Pansa. See Hirtius. Pantheon, built by Agrippa, 93. Paris, an actor, intrigues with Domitia, 481. Pearls found in Britain, 31 and note. Persius, remarks on, 397-399; life of, 538. Petronia, wife of Vitellius, 431. Petronius Arbiter, remarks on, 392-395. Phaedrus, account of, 248. Pharmacusa, island of, 4. Pharsalia, battle of, 23; speech of J. Caesar after, 21; his call to the troops at, 45; Lucan’s poem on, 396. Philippi, battle of, 77, 78; Augustus’s escape at, 136. Philosophers, decrees against at Rome, 524. Pincian hill, 379, and note. Piso, Cneius, conspires with Crassus, 7. —, prefect of Syria, 251; suspected of poisoning Germanicus, 252; his conspiracy, 366. Plancus, L. Munatius, the orator, 529, and note. Pliny, the elder, remarks on, 475; his works, ib.-478; his life, 545. —, the younger, 546, note. Polyhistor, Alexander, the historian, 520, and note. Pomegranate, street so called, 479, and note. Pompeius Sextus, wars of Augustus with, 76. Pompeia, wife of Julius Caesar, 5. Pompey, Cn., reconciled with Crassus, 12; marries Julia, 14; supports her father J. Caesar, 15; meets him at Lucca, 16; sole consul, 17; offered Octavia in marriage, 18; his opinion of Julius Caesar, 20; flies to Brundusium, 23; defeated at Pharsalia, ib.; his statues restored, 45; his senate-house, 49, 50, and note. Pontine Marshes, drainage of, 30. Poppaea, Sabina, Nero’s mistress, 360; he kills her, 365; Otho marries her pro forma, 417, 418. Porticos; of Lucius and Caius, 93; of Octavia, ib., and note; of the Argonauts, 94. Posts established, 110. Pretorian guards of Tiberius, 221, 229; elect Claudius, 302; attend him to the senate, 303; salute Nero, 342; mutiny against Galba, 411; dispatch him, 413; disbanded by Vitellius, 432; commanded by Vitus, 468. Pretorian camp, 265, 302; its position, 376. Probus, M. Valerius, his mode of teaching, 525. Procurators, their office, 304, note. Propertius, on his life and works, 188. Psylli, the, 81, and note. Ptolemy Auletes expelled, 8. Public health, augury of, and note, 95. Publius Clodius debauches Pompeia, 5; is Cicero’s enemy, 14; murdered, 17; his trial, 44. Puteoli, Caligula’s bridge at, 263; the landing-place from the East, 467.

Quintilian, remarks on, 498, 499. Quintus Caecilius, a schoolmaster, 519. — Catulus, repairs the Capitol, 10, and note.

Rabirius Posthumus prosecuted, 9, 308. Ravenna, J. Caesar halts there, 20; a naval station, 110. Reate, a town of the Sabines, 441; Vespasian born there, 442, 469; his estates near, 461; he dies there, ib.; as does Titus, 478. Remmius Palaemon, a grammarian, 523. Republic, the, Augustus thinks of restoring, 91; the forms of, preserved, 212; maintained by Caligula, 261; proposal to restore it; 292. Rhetoric forbidden at Rome, 526; its progress, 527. Rhine, the, suddenly thaws, 484. Rhodes, J. Caesar retires there, 3; and Tiberius, 200. Roman people, their love of public spectacles, 216; largesses of corn to, 311, 312. Rome, improvements of Augustus, 91; divided into districts, 94; a fire there, 221; Nero’s fire, 367; restored by Vespasian, 452; great fire under Titus, 471, and note. Roads. See Via. Rubicon, the, crossed by Jul. Caesar, 22. Rutifius Rufus, soldier and historian, 510; note, 511.

Sallust, remarks on, 159, 160. Santra, a biographical writer, 533, and note. Saturnalia, account of, 262, note. Scaeva, a centurion, his heroic conduct, 42. Scribonia, wife of Augustus, 117. Scribonius, a disciple of Orbilius, 521. Secular games, by Augustus, 96; by Claudius, 313. Selene, daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, 264. Sejanus, Tiberius’s suspicions of, 229, 257; his conspiracy, 232; account of, 244, 245. Senate, filled up by Julius, 28; affronted by him, 47; scrutiny of, 98; qualification for, 104, 315; constitution of, 115, note; scrutiny of, by Caligula, 260; purified by Vespasian, 453. Seneca, Annaeus, made Nero’s tutor, 341; forced to kill himself, 365; remarks on, 386-392. Septa, what, 105, and note. Septizonium, the, description of, 465, note. Sertorius commands in Spain, 4. Servilia, mother of M. Brutus, J. Caesar intrigues with her, 33. Sesterce, the value of, 457, note. Sextus Clodius, professor, and friend of Antony, 528. Sibylline books preserved by Augustus, 95. Silanus betrothed to Claudius’s daughter, 316;—the elder, put to death, 322, 326. Silius, a paramour of Messalina, 322, 325. Silversmiths. See Money-lenders. Slaves, workhouses of, 96; writers and artists originally such, 457 note; chained as watch-dogs, 527, and note. Spain, province of, governed by Julius Caesar, 5, 11; Pompey’s army in, 23; Galba commands there, 406. Sporus, Nero’s freedman, 367, 376, 378. Standards, Roman, 259. Statues of the kings of Rome, 46; of Pompey, 96; of learned men, 513, 519. Statius, his works, 500-503. Suburra, a street in Rome, 31. Suetonius Paulinus, commands in Britain, 423, note. —, Lenis, the author’s father, serves under Otho, ib. Suevius Nicanor, a grammarian, 510. Sumptuary laws of Julius Caesar, 29. Sylla pardons Julius Caesar, 2; conspires with Caesar and Crassus, 6; his statues restored, 45; his Commentaries, 516.

Taurus, Statilius, 93, 364. Temples of Castor and Pollux, 8, and note, 266; of Jupiter Capitolinus repaired, 10, and notes, etc.; of Venus Genetrix, 47; Mars Ultor, 84, 92; Palatine Apollo, ib. and note; Jupiter Tonans, 93, and note; Hercules and Muses, ib.; the Parthenon, ib. and note; of Concord, 206, and note; of Vesta, 223, and note; of Augustus, 264; Jupiter Latialis, 298, and note; of Peace, 453, and note; of Claudius ib.; of Jupiter Custos, 483; of the Flavian Family, 483, 495. Terence, life of, 531. Terracina, on the road to Naples, 23; Tiberius’s villa there, 217; and note. Tertia, mistress of Julius Caesar, 33. Theatres—of Pompey, 96; rebuilt, 312; of Marcellus, 93, and note; repaired, 458; of Balbus, ib.; Pompey’s restored by Tiberius, 221; by Caligula, 265. Theogenes, an astrologer of Apollonia, 141. Thrax, a kind of gladiator, 487. Thurinus, a surname of Augustus, 74. TIBERIUS, descent of, 192-195; his childhood, 196; youth, 197; in the forum, 198; in the wars, ib., and 199; withdraws from Rome, ib.; retirement at Rhodes, 200, 201; returns to Rome, 202; commands in Germany and Illyricum, 204, 205; triumphs, 206; made colleague with Augustus, ib.; succeeds him, 207; governs with moderation, 210-213; sumptuary laws, 214; represses the Jewish religion, 215; and Christian, ib., and note; his rigorous justice, 216; retires to Capri, 217; his debaucheries there, 218-220; his parsimony, 221; exactions, 222; treatment of Livia, 223; of Drusus and Germanicus, 224; of Agrippina, 225; his grandsons, ib.; his harsh temper, 227; various cruelties, 228-231; his remorse, 233; his person, 234; literary pursuits, 235; his last illness, 236; and death, 237; rejoicings at it, 238; his will, 239. Tiber, inundations of the, 91, and note; bed of, cleaned, 94, and note; floods, 223; criminals thrown into, 230; island of Esculapius, in, 317, and note. Tibullus, his life and works, 185-187. Tiridates, king, at Rome, 346. Titinnius, letter of Cicero to, 528, and note. TITUS, his birth and disposition, 465; educated with Britannicus, ib.; the honours he paid him, ib.; endowments, personal and mental, 466; serves in Germany and Britain, ib.; in Judaea, ib.; takes Jerusalem, 467; returns to Rome, ib.; is colleague with Vespasian, 468; is harsh and unpopular, ib.; his attachment to Berenice, 469; his character brightens, ib.; his moderation and munificence, 470; public buildings and spectacles, ib., and note; his clemency, 471; relief of great disasters, 472; avoids shedding blood, ib.; taken suddenly ill, 473; dies on his paternal estate, 474. Toga, Praetexta, 101, 103, and notes. — Virilis, 101, and note. Tomb of Domitian, 379, and note. Treviri (Treves), 254, 256, note. Triumphs of Julius Caesar, 24, 25; Augustus, 85; description of a, ib. note; Tiberius, 206; Germanicus, 251; of Vespasian and Titus, 454, 467; of Domitian, 484.

Valerius Cato, a grammarian, 516. — Maximus, account of his works, 248. Varro, remarks on his works, 65, 67. Varus’ defeat by the Germans, 86, 205. Velabrum, a street in Rome, 25, 355. Velleius Paterculus, his life and Epitome, 247. Velitrae, town of, seat of the Octavian family, 71, 74. Venus of Coos, statue of, by Apelles, 457. VESPASIAN, his descent from the Flavian family, 441; his birth at Reate, 442; fondness for it, ib.; serves in Thrace, 443; has the province of Crete and Cyrene, ib.; marries Flavia Domitilla, ib.; his children, ib.; serves in Germany and Britain, 444; is proconsul in Africa, ib.; goes into retirement, ib.; the Jews, revolt, 445; he is sent to quell it, ib.; the prophecy of a ruler from the East applied to him. ib. and note; his campaign, in Judaea, 446; consults the oracle at Carmel, 447; the Moesian army declares him emperor, 448; also the legions in Egypt and Judaea, ib.; seizes Alexandria, 449; consults Serapis, ib.; performs miracles, 450, and note; returns to Rome, 451; his Jewish triumph, ib.; reforms the army, 452; his public buildings, 453; his just administration, 454; and clemency, 455; his love of money, 456; encourages learning and art, 457; his person, 459; mode of life, ib.; his wit, 460; is taken ill, 461; dies at Reate, ib. Vestal Virgins, the, 52; mode of appointment, 95; and note; their lewdness punished, 485. Via Appia, 236, and note. — Flaminia, 94, and note, 146. — Nomentana, 376, note. — Sacra, a street in Rome, 31. — Salaria, description of 376 note; tomb there, 454. Vienne, in Narbonne, 433, and note. Vines forbidden to be planted, 484; edict revoked, 491; remarkable produce of a, 524. Vindex, Julius, revolts in Gaul, 370, 406; his death, 408. Vintage, the, 99, note. VITELLIUS, his origin, 427, 428; and birth, 429; his youth vicious, 430; in favour with Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, 430; his marriages, 431; sent to Germany, ib.; saluted emperor by the troops, 432; marches to Rome, 433; governs despotically, 434; his gluttony, 435; and luxury, ib.; his cruel executions, 436; the legions declare against him, 437; agrees to abdicate, ib.; secretes himself, 438; is dragged out and slain, 439. Virgil, account of his life and works, 165-173. Vologesus honours Nero’s memory 381; offers reinforcements to Vespasian, 449; demands succours, 480. Vorones, king of the Parthians, 222. Wild beasts shown in the public spectacles by Julius, 8; by Augustus, 105, 106; criminals thrown to, 305, and note; numbers exhibited, 470, note; exhibited by Domitian, 481.